Work stress and overtime work : effects on cortisol, sleep, sleepiness and health

In Sweden the National Bureau of Statistics has reported an increase in stress-related disorders and sleep problems since the mid-1990’s. They also report that the number of hours of overtime worke ...

[1]  Dirk H. Hellhammer,et al.  The cortisol awakening response - normal values and confounds. , 2000, Noise & health.

[2]  B. McEwen.  Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  A. Shirom,et al.  Burnout and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. , 1992, Behavioral medicine.

[4]  L. V. van Amelsvoort,et al.  Occupational determinants of heart rate variability , 2000, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[5]  K. Tatara,et al.  Long working hours and risk for hypertension in Japanese male white collar workers , 2001, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[6]  L. Alfredsson,et al.  Job characteristics and the incidence of myocardial infarction. , 1994, International journal of epidemiology.

[7]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. , 1989, Neuropsychobiology.

[8]  A. Steptoe,et al.  The impact of time of waking and concurrent subjective stress on the cortisol response to awakening , 2004, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[9]  J. Marquié,et al.  Effects of age, working hours, and job content on sleep: a pilot study. , 1999, Experimental aging research.

[10]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. , 1997, Life sciences.

[11]  Jan Born,et al.  Timing the end of nocturnal sleep , 1999, Nature.

[12]  E. Raftery,et al.  Physical activity and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. , 1979, Clinical science.

[13]  A. Steiger,et al.  Effects of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone upon sleep-related growth hormone surge and sleep EEG in man. , 1988, Neuroendocrinology.

[14]  J W Mason,et al.  A Review of Psychoendocrine Research on the Pituitary‐Adrenal Cortical System , 1968, Psychosomatic medicine.

[15]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm. , 1999, Life sciences.

[16]  J. Detre,et al.  Perfusion functional MRI reveals cerebral blood flow pattern under psychological stress. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  M. Kivimäki,et al.  Effect of employee worktime control on health: a prospective cohort study , 2004, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

[18]  IJmert Kant,et al.  Antecedents and Consequences of Work–Family Conflict: A Prospective Cohort Study , 2003, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[19]  K. Bloch,et al.  Polysomnography: a systematic review. , 1997, Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine.

[20]  T S Kristensen,et al.  Job stress and cardiovascular disease: a theoretic critical review. , 1996, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[21]  Andrew Steptoe,et al.  Psychological, cardiovascular, and metabolic correlates of individual differences in cortisol stress recovery in young men , 2001, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[22]  B. Kudielka,et al.  Awakening cortisol responses are influenced by health status and awakening time but not by menstrual cycle phase , 2003, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[23]  Estimated sleep debt and work stress in Japanese white‐collar workers , 2001, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[24]  K. Spiegel,et al.  Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function , 1999, The Lancet.

[25]  Max Hirshkowitz,et al.  Normal human sleep: an overview. , 2004, The Medical clinics of North America.

[26]  T Akerstedt,et al.  Disturbed sleep while being on-call: an EEG study of ships' engineers. , 1988, Sleep.

[27]  J. Siegrist.  Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. , 1996, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[28]  S. Geurts,et al.  Associations between overtime and psychological health in high and low reward jobs , 2001 .

[29]  F. Hucklebridge,et al.  Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity. , 2001, Life sciences.

[30]  A. Rechtschaffen.  A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep of human subjects , 1968 .

[31]  B. Beck,et al.  Cross-sectional study , 2011 .

[32]  S. Ettner,et al.  Workers' perceptions of how jobs affect health: a social ecological perspective. , 2001, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[33]  A Tsutsumi,et al.  Decision latitude, job strain, and myocardial infarction: a study of working men in Stockholm. The SHEEP Study Group. Stockholm Heart epidemiology Program. , 1998, American journal of public health.

[34]  R Nordemar,et al.  Associations between self-rated psychosocial work conditions and musculoskeletal symptoms and signs. Stockholm MUSIC I Study Group. , 1997, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[35]  T. Pickering,et al.  The effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and the intermediary role of the sympathetic nervous system. , 1997, Journal of human hypertension.

[36]  M. Kompier,et al.  Disentangling the causal relationships between work-home interference and employee health. , 2005, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[37]  K. Kogi,et al.  Some social aspects of shift work in Asian developing countries , 1989 .

[38]  D. Robertson,et al.  The Cardiovascular Effects of Caffeine , 1984 .

[39]  J. Ahlberg,et al.  Self-reported stress among multiprofessional media personnel. , 2003, Occupational medicine.

[40]  U. Lundberg,et al.  Total workload, work stress and perceived symptoms in Swedish male and female white-collar employees. , 2005, European journal of public health.

[41]  P. Knauth.  Innovative worktime arrangements. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[42]  G. Tononi,et al.  Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. , 2006, Sleep medicine reviews.

[43]  M Partinen,et al.  Self-evaluations of factors promoting and disturbing sleep: an epidemiological survey in Finland. , 1988, Social science & medicine.

[44]  J. Waterhouse,et al.  Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[45]  B. Kudielka,et al.  Compliance With Saliva Sampling Protocols: Electronic Monitoring Reveals Invalid Cortisol Daytime Profiles in Noncompliant Subjects , 2003, Psychosomatic medicine.

[46]  A. Bakker,et al.  Effort-reward imbalance and burnout among nurses. , 2000, Journal of advanced nursing.

[47]  S. Folkard,et al.  Shift length as a determinant of retrospective on-shift alertness. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[48]  M. van Eck,et al.  The Effects of Perceived Stress, Traits, Mood States, and Stressful Daily Events on Salivary Cortisol , 1996, Psychosomatic medicine.

[49]  B. McEwen,et al.  Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. , 1993, Archives of internal medicine.

[50]  J. Born,et al.  Sleep disruption alters nocturnal ACTH and cortisol secretory patterns , 1991, Biological Psychiatry.

[51]  C. Cooper.  Handbook of Stress Medicine and Health, Second Edition , 2004 .

[52]  A. Steptoe,et al.  Job strain, blood pressure and response to uncontrollable stress. , 1999, Journal of hypertension.

[53]  Debby G. J. Beckers,et al.  Working Overtime Hours: Relations with Fatigue, Work Motivation, and the Quality of Work , 2004, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[54]  S. Sonnentag,et al.  Endocrinological Processes Associated With Job Stress: Catecholamine and Cortisol Responses to Acute and Chronic Stressors , 2006 .

[55]  J. Laragh,et al.  Blood pressure during normal daily activities, sleep, and exercise. Comparison of values in normal and hypertensive subjects. , 1982, JAMA.

[56]  V. H. Hildebrandt,et al.  Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. , 1993, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[57]  J. H. Kamphuis,et al.  Physiological differences between burnout patients and healthy controls: blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol responses , 2003, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[58]  H. Berkhof,et al.  Individual differences in cortisol responses to a laboratory speech task and their relationship to responses to stressful daily events , 1996, Biological Psychology.

[59]  Robert Karasek,et al.  Job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign , 1979 .

[60]  T. Åkerstedt,et al.  Microarousals During Sleep Are Associated With Increased Levels of Lipids, Cortisol, and Blood Pressure , 2004, Psychosomatic medicine.

[61]  R. Hoffmann,et al.  The effects of sleep deprivation on divergent thinking and attention processes , 1992, Journal of sleep research.

[62]  J. Sluiter,et al.  Need for recovery from work related fatigue and its role in the development and prediction of subjective health complaints , 2003, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[63]  Andrew Steptoe,et al.  A longitudinal study of work load and variations in psychological well-being, cortisol, smoking, and alcohol consumption , 1998, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[64]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening. , 1999, Psychosomatic medicine.

[65]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications , 1994, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[66]  L Alfredsson,et al.  Type of occupation and near-future hospitalization for myocardial infarction and some other diagnoses. , 1985, International journal of epidemiology.

[67]  J E Schwartz,et al.  Environmental influences on blood pressure and the role of job strain. , 1996, Journal of hypertension. Supplement : official journal of the International Society of Hypertension.

[68]  K. Junghanns,et al.  Sleep disturbances are correlated with decreased morning awakening salivary cortisol , 2004, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[69]  A Steptoe,et al.  Job Strain and Anger Expression Predict Early Morning Elevations in Salivary Cortisol , 2000, Psychosomatic medicine.

[70]  G. Kecklund,et al.  Change from an 8-hour shift to a 12-hour shift, attitudes, sleep, sleepiness and performance. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[71]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Increasing correlations between personality traits and cortisol stress responses obtained by data aggregation , 1997, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[72]  M. Bonnet,et al.  24-Hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. , 1995, Sleep.

[73]  U. Nater,et al.  Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal , 2005, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[74]  Anders Kjellberg,et al.  Subjektiv stress och dess samband med psykosociala arbetsförhållanden och hälsobesvär : En prövning av Stress-Energi-modellen , 2002 .

[75]  A. Härenstam,et al.  Cortisol elevation and serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in response to adverse job conditions: How are they interrelated? , 1990, Biological Psychology.

[76]  D Shapiro,et al.  Striking a chord: moods, blood pressure, and heart rate in everyday life. , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[77]  R. Cartwright,et al.  Adjustment disorders of sleep: The sleep effects of a major stressful event and its resolution , 1991, Psychiatry Research.

[78]  C. Morin,et al.  Role of Stress, Arousal, and Coping Skills in Primary Insomnia , 2003, Psychosomatic medicine.

[79]  D. Kripke,et al.  Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[80]  Theo F. Meijman,et al.  Psychosomatic complaints and unwinding of sympathoadrenal activation after work , 1998 .

[81]  R. Snaith,et al.  The hospital anxiety and depression scale. , 2013, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[82]  R. Karasek,et al.  Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research. , 1998, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[83]  J. Horne,et al.  Sleep and sleepiness following a behaviourally 'active' day. , 1985, Ergonomics.

[84]  T H HOWELL,et al.  The cardiovascular system in old age. , 1949, Medical world.

[85]  E. Bixler,et al.  Sleep deprivation effects on the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and growth axes: potential clinical implications , 1999, Clinical endocrinology.

[86]  P Evans,et al.  The Awakening Cortisol Response: Methodological Issues and Significance , 2004, Stress.

[87]  Ransom J. Arthur.  Endocrine activity in air traffic controllers at work , 1982, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[88]  S Folkard,et al.  Rest breaks and accident risk , 2003, The Lancet.

[89]  Fang Dong,et al.  Salivary Cortisol Levels and Work-Related Stress Among Emergency Department Nurses , 2001, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[90]  N Hisanaga,et al.  Long working hours and subjective fatigue symptoms. , 2001, Industrial health.

[91]  David S. Krantz,et al.  Measurement of cardiovascular responses. , 1995 .

[92]  H. Hasselhorn,et al.  Work-Home Conflict in the European Nursing Profession , 2004, International journal of occupational and environmental health.

[93]  J. Smyth,et al.  STRESSORS AND MOOD MEASURED ON A MOMENTARY BASIS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SALIVARY CORTISOL SECRETION , 1998, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[94]  T. Kamarck,et al.  A global measure of perceived stress. , 1983, Journal of health and social behavior.

[95]  Chester M. Pierce,et al.  Stress in the workplace. , 1988 .

[96]  M. al’Absi,et al.  Cortisol fluctuates with increases and decreases in negative affect , 1999, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[97]  D Echeverria,et al.  Effect of overtime work on cognitive function in automotive workers. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[98]  D. J. Mullaney,et al.  Automatic sleep/wake identification from wrist activity. , 1992, Sleep.

[99]  M Frankenhaeuser,et al.  Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal correlates of distress and effort. , 1980, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[100]  F Nachreiner,et al.  Accident risk as a function of hour at work and time of day as determined from accident data and exposure models for the German working population. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[101]  P. Meerlo,et al.  Sleep Restriction Alters the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Response to Stress , 2002, Journal of neuroendocrinology.

[102]  W. Cannon,et al.  THE EMERGENCY FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA IN PAIN AND THE MAJOR EMOTIONS , 1914 .

[103]  P. Brantley,et al.  Convergence between the Daily Stress Inventory and endocrine measures of stress. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[104]  P. Bennett,et al.  An investigation into the relationship between salivary cortisol, stress, anxiety and depression , 2003, Biological Psychology.

[105]  Nicole Jansen,et al.  Need for recovery from work: evaluating short-term effects of working hours, patterns and schedules , 2003, Ergonomics.

[106]  T. Åkerstedt,et al.  Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. , 1990, The International journal of neuroscience.

[107]  J P Henry,et al.  Biological basis of the stress response. , 1993, Integrative physiological and behavioral science : the official journal of the Pavlovian Society.

[108]  M. Kryger,et al.  Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine , 1989 .

[109]  G. Chrousos.  Editorial: Ultradian, Circadian, and Stress-Related Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity-A Dynamic Digital-to-Analog Modulation. , 1998, Endocrinology.

[110]  K. Hume,et al.  Good sleep — its timing and physiological sleep characteristics , 1997, Journal of sleep research.

[111]  R. Lazarus.  Coping theory and research: past, present, and future. , 1993, Psychosomatic medicine.

[112]  J. French,et al.  White collar work load and cortisol: disruption of a circadian rhythm by job stress? , 1979, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[113]  A. M. Lindsey,et al.  Pathophysiological phenomena in nursing : human responses to illness , 1993 .

[114]  R. Nesse,et al.  Anxiety and Plasma Cortisol at the Crest of the Circadian Cycle: Reappraisal of a Classical Hypothesis , 1978, Psychosomatic medicine.

[115]  E. Wolpert.  A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. , 1969 .

[116]  Johannes Siegrist,et al.  A theory of occupational stress. , 2001 .

[117]  Richard Barnett,et al.  Fatigue , 1896, The Lancet.

[118]  S. Jackson,et al.  The Measurement of experienced burnout , 1981 .

[119]  H. Asscheman,et al.  Increased salivary cortisol in severe dental anxiety. , 1992, Psychophysiology.

[120]  N. Nicolson,et al.  Salivary cortisol patterns in vital exhaustion. , 2000, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[121]  N R Burch,et al.  Nocturnal EEG-GSR profiles: the influence of presleep states. , 2008, Psychophysiology.

[122]  T. Åkerstedt,et al.  Sleep and sleepiness in young individuals with high burnout scores. , 2004, Sleep.

[123]  Roger R. Rosa,et al.  Performance, alertness, and sleep after 3·5 years of 12 h shifts: A follow-up study , 1991 .

[124]  L C Harrison,et al.  Diurnal rhythmicity of human cytokine production: a dynamic disequilibrium in T helper cell type 1/T helper cell type 2 balance? , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[125]  Terry M. Brown,et al.  Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, second edition , 1995 .

[126]  Göran Kecklund,et al.  Effects of the implementation of an 84-hour workweek on neurobehavioral test performance and cortisol responsiveness during testing. , 2003, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[127]  A. Shirom,et al.  Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels. , 1999, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[128]  L Alfredsson,et al.  Job characteristics of occupations and myocardial infarction risk:effect of possible confounding factors. , 1983, Social science & medicine.

[129]  E. Bixler,et al.  Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[130]  G. Chrousos,et al.  The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. , 1992, JAMA.

[131]  E. Raftery,et al.  CIRCADIAN VARIATION OF BLOOD-PRESSURE , 1978, The Lancet.

[132]  K. Yamaoka,et al.  Effect of overtime work on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. , 1996, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[133]  K. Morimoto,et al.  Effects of long workhours on life-style, stress and quality of life among intermediate Japanese managers. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[134]  Ijmert Kant,et al.  Impact of worktime arrangements on work-home interference among Dutch employees. , 2004, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[135]  J. Krueger,et al.  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SLEEP AND IMMUNE FUNCTION , 1999 .

[136]  P. Sterling,et al.  Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. , 1988 .

[137]  H. Goodell,et al.  Selye's Guide to Stress Research, vol 1 , 1981 .

[138]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Free cortisol awakening responses are influenced by awakening time , 2004, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[139]  A. Schatzberg,et al.  On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[140]  R. Rose,et al.  Endocrine activity in air traffic controllers at work. II. Biological, psychological and work correlates , 1982, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[141]  M. Carskadon,et al.  The multiple sleep latency test: what does it measure? , 1982, Sleep.

[142]  A Steptoe,et al.  Stress, social support and cardiovascular activity over the working day. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[143]  B. McEwen.  Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: Allostasis and allostatic load. , 2006, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[144]  Göran Kecklund,et al.  Mental fatigue, work and sleep. , 2004, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[145]  Mika Kivimäki,et al.  Employee worktime control moderates the effects of job strain and effort-reward imbalance on sickness absence: the 10-town study , 2005, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[146]  G. Kecklund,et al.  Morning work: effects of early rising on sleep and alertness. , 1997, Sleep.

[147]  Y Motohashi,et al.  Increases in body mass index and waist circumference as outcomes of working overtime. , 1998, Occupational medicine.

[148]  T. Kurasawa,et al.  Job Strain and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Treated Hypertensive Japanese Workers: Hypertension Follow‐Up Group Study , 2005, Journal of occupational health.

[149]  Clemens Kirschbaum,et al.  Cortisol responses to psychological stress and correlations with personality traits , 1992 .

[150]  Jeffrey V. Johnson.  The impact of workplace social support, job demands and work control upon cardiovascular disease in Sweden. , 1986 .

[151]  P. Björntorp,et al.  Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society Stress-Related Cortisol Secretion in Men: Relationships with Abdominal Obesity and Endocrine, Metabolic and , 2022 .

[152]  Daniel J Buysse,et al.  Acute Stress Affects Heart Rate Variability During Sleep , 2004, Psychosomatic medicine.

[153]  D. Skene,et al.  Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms , 1999, Journal of sleep research.

[154]  Robert Karasek,et al.  Healthy Work : Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life , 1990 .

[155]  B. Craven,et al.  Working hours as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in Japan: case›control study , 1998 .

[156]  K. Suzuki,et al.  Hours of work and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese male office workers , 2001, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[157]  T. Åkerstedt,et al.  Apprehension of the subsequent working day is associated with a low amount of slow wave sleep , 2004, Biological Psychology.

[158]  R Kadefors,et al.  Psychophysiological stress responses, muscle tension, and neck and shoulder pain among supermarket cashiers. , 1999, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[159]  J. Siegrist.  Effort–Reward Imbalance Model , 2007 .

[160]  Andrew Steptoe,et al.  Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort , 2004, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[161]  Y. Liu,et al.  Overtime work, insufficient sleep, and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Japanese men , 2002, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[162]  J. B. Erickson,et al.  The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States , 2005, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

[163]  Torbjörn Åkerstedt,et al.  Tolerance to shift work—how does it relate to sleep and wakefulness? , 2004, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[164]  A. Rechtschaffen,et al.  A manual of standardized terminology, technique and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects , 1968 .

[165]  J. Schwartz,et al.  A Longitudinal Study of Job Strain and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Results From a Three-Year Follow-up , 1998, Psychosomatic medicine.

[166]  H. Ursin,et al.  Psychobiology of coping and defence strategies. , 1993, Neuropsychobiology.

[167]  J. Smyth,et al.  Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of salivary free cortisol: a replication of flattened cycles for some individuals , 2001, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[168]  S. Folkman,et al.  Stress, appraisal, and coping , 1974 .

[169]  Y. Kurokawa,et al.  Long commuting time, extensive overtime, and sympathodominant state assessed in terms of short-term heart rate variability among male white-collar workers in the Tokyo megalopolis. , 1998, Industrial health.

[170]  T Akerstedt,et al.  Objective components of individual differences in subjective sleep quality , 1997, Journal of sleep research.

[171]  R. Schneider,et al.  Twenty-four hour automatic monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate at work and at home. , 1975, American heart journal.

[172]  C. Rutte,et al.  Antecedents and consequences of work-home interference among medical residents. , 1999, Social science & medicine.

[173]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements , 1990 .

[174]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Chapter 2 - Normal Human Sleep : An Overview , 2005 .

[175]  N. Simionescu,et al.  The Cardiovascular System , 1983 .

[176]  A M Williamson,et al.  Changing the hours of shiftwork: a comparison of 8- and 12-hour shift rosters in a group of computer operators. , 1994, Ergonomics.

[177]  D. Kripke,et al.  The role of actigraphy in the evaluation of sleep disorders. , 1995, Sleep.

[178]  Mika Kivimäki,et al.  The Double Burden of and Negative Spillover Between Paid and Domestic Work: Associations with Health Among Men and Women , 2005, Women & health.

[179]  T. Åkerstedt,et al.  The meaning of good sleep: a longitudinal study of polysomnography and subjective sleep quality , 1994, Journal of sleep research.

[180]  P. Tucker,et al.  Moderators of the relationship between long work hours and health. , 2005, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[181]  T. Meijman,et al.  Cortisol secretion throughout the day, perceptions of the work environment, and negative affect , 2000, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[182]  C. Kirschbauma,et al.  Awakening cortisol responses are influenced by health status and awakening time but not by menstrual cycle phase , 2002 .

[183]  J Pentti,et al.  Employee control over working times: associations with subjective health and sickness absences , 2002, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[184]  C. Kirschbaum,et al.  Increased free cortisol secretion after awakening in chronically stressed individuals due to work overload , 1998 .

[185]  M. van der Hulst,et al.  Long workhours and health. , 2003 .

[186]  I. Kant,et al.  Need for recovery after work and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in a working population , 2003, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[187]  J. Os,et al.  Electronic monitoring of salivary cortisol sampling compliance in daily life. , 2005, Life sciences.

[188]  S. Araki,et al.  Overtime, psychosocial working conditions, and occurrence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Japanese men. , 1999, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[189]  G Kecklund,et al.  Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study. , 2002, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[190]  T. Seeman,et al.  Protective and Damaging Effects of Mediators of Stress: Elaborating and Testing the Concepts of Allostasis and Allostatic Load , 1999, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[191]  M. Kompier.  Dealing with workplace stress , 2005 .

[192]  M. Gillberg,et al.  A dose-response study of sleep loss and spontaneous sleep termination. , 1986, Psychophysiology.