The evolution of research, part 2: the clinician's dilemma--treating systems, not diseases.

Studying the interaction and interplay of many levels of biological information, systems biology will enable us to not only cure complex disease but to predict an individual’s health and extend the human body’s natural lifespan by preventing diseases. The new era of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine—made possible by application of systems biology—represents a profound shift in the practice of medicine and will reach into many corners of our lives.

[1]  Joseph Loscalzo,et al.  Homocysteine trials--clear outcomes for complex reasons. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[2]  K. Bønaa,et al.  Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  R. Berry,et al.  Improvement in Stroke Mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002 , 2006, Circulation.

[5]  R. Epstein,et al.  The Biopsychosocial Model 25 Years Later: Principles, Practice, and Scientific Inquiry , 2004, The Annals of Family Medicine.

[6]  Sarah W. Fraser,et al.  Coping with complexity: educating for capability , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[7]  A. Whitaker.  The Fabric of Reality , 2001 .

[8]  J. Losco.  Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge , 1999, Politics and the Life Sciences.

[9]  G. E. Smith.  Medical Research. , 1920, Nature.