A Survey of Privacy Concerns in Wearable Devices

With the continued improvement and innovation, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives. The rapid adoption of technology and its affordability has given rise to the Internet-of-Things (IoT). IoT is an interconnected network of devices that are able to communicate and share information seamlessly. IoT encompasses a gamut of heterogeneous devices ranging from a small sensor to large industrial machines. One such domain of IoT that has seen a significant growth in the recent few years is that of the wearable devices. While the privacy issues for medical devices has been well-researched and documented in the literature, the threats to privacy arising from the use of consumer wearable devices have received very little attention from the research community. This paper presents a survey of the literature to understand the various privacy challenges, mitigation strategies, and future research directions as a result of the widespread adoption of wearable devices.

[1]  Loni Hagen,et al.  Overcoming the Privacy Challenges of Wearable Devices: A Study on the Role of Digital Literacy , 2017, DG.O.

[2]  Daniel J. Solove A Taxonomy of Privacy , 2006 .

[3]  Nicholas D. Lane,et al.  DeepEye: Resource Efficient Local Execution of Multiple Deep Vision Models using Wearable Commodity Hardware , 2017, MobiSys.

[4]  James Irvine,et al.  Privacy Implications of Wearable Health Devices , 2014, SIN.

[5]  Ying Luo,et al.  Wearable privacy protection with visual bubble , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW).

[6]  Cynthia Dwork,et al.  Differential Privacy , 2006, ICALP.

[7]  Arcot Sowmya,et al.  A context-based privacy preserving framework for wearable visual lifeloggers , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops).

[8]  Robin Kravets,et al.  For Your Eyes Only , 2022, MCS '15.

[9]  Sherali Zeadally,et al.  Privacy Issues and Solutions for Consumer Wearables , 2018, IT Professional.

[10]  Julie Passanante Elman “Find Your Fit”: Wearable technology and the cultural politics of disability , 2018, New Media Soc..

[11]  Ashwin Ashok,et al.  Do not share!: invisible light beacons for signaling preferences to privacy-respecting cameras , 2014, VLCS@MobiCom.

[12]  David J. Crandall,et al.  Privacy behaviors of lifeloggers using wearable cameras , 2014, UbiComp.

[13]  Karuna Pande Joshi,et al.  Link before you share: Managing privacy policies through blockchain , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data).

[14]  Emmanuel Sebastian Udoh,et al.  Privacy risk awareness and the behavior of smartwatch users: A case study of Indiana University students , 2016, 2016 Future Technologies Conference (FTC).

[15]  Vivian Genaro Motti,et al.  Wearable Privacy: Skeletons in The Data Closet , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI).

[16]  Ninghui Li,et al.  t-Closeness: Privacy Beyond k-Anonymity and l-Diversity , 2007, 2007 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Data Engineering.

[17]  Joemon M. Jose,et al.  Analysing privacy in visual lifelogging , 2017, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[18]  Tadayoshi Kohno,et al.  In situ with bystanders of augmented reality glasses: perspectives on recording and privacy-mediating technologies , 2014, CHI.

[19]  Vivian Genaro Motti,et al.  Users' Privacy Concerns About Wearables - Impact of Form Factor, Sensors and Type of Data Collected , 2015, Financial Cryptography Workshops.

[20]  Michael Barlow,et al.  Wearable sensors for recognizing individuals undertaking daily activities , 2018, UbiComp.

[21]  Ashwin Machanavajjhala,et al.  l-Diversity: Privacy Beyond k-Anonymity , 2006, ICDE.

[22]  Irina Shklovski,et al.  Sharing Steps in the Workplace: Changing Privacy Concerns Over Time , 2016, CHI.

[23]  Roberto Di Pietro,et al.  Security and privacy issues of handheld and wearable wireless devices , 2003, CACM.

[24]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Privacy risks emerging from the adoption of innocuous wearable sensors in the mobile environment , 2011, CHI.

[25]  Carman Neustaedter,et al.  You are Being Watched: Bystanders' Perspective on the Use of Camera Devices in Public Spaces , 2016, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[26]  David J. Crandall,et al.  Cartooning for Enhanced Privacy in Lifelogging and Streaming Videos , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).

[27]  Latanya Sweeney,et al.  k-Anonymity: A Model for Protecting Privacy , 2002, Int. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowl. Based Syst..

[28]  Thomas Hess,et al.  Understanding Privacy Risk Perceptions of Consumer Health Wearables - An Empirical Taxonomy , 2017, ICIS.

[29]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Privacy Disclosure from Wearable Devices , 2015, PAMCO '15.

[30]  Louis D. Brandeis,et al.  The Right to Privacy , 1890 .

[31]  Richard F. Sesek,et al.  Barriers to the Adoption of Wearable Sensors in the Workplace: A Survey of Occupational Safety and Health Professionals , 2018, Hum. Factors.

[32]  Susanne Boll,et al.  Your smart glasses' camera bothers me!: exploring opt-in and opt-out gestures for privacy mediation , 2018, NordiCHI.