Polymorphism of ACE gene as the genetic predisposition of coronary artery disease in Eastern India.

AIM A case control study was designed to assess whether the prevalence of ACE gene polymorphism has any role in the development of CAD. METHODS The study included unrelated 217 cases with CAD and 255 healthy controls. PCR was done using primers followed by agarose gel electrophoresis for study of different ACE gene polymorphisms. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to find association between studied genotypes and lifestyle as well as biochemical risk factors. RESULTS Both DD [OR: 2.16; 95%CI: (60.60-67.40)] and ID [OR: 1.48; 95%CI: (93.28-97.72)] genotypes of the ACE gene showed significant associations in the development of CAD. Coexistence of diabetes and hypertension found to be risk modifier of the disease. Tobacco intake in various forms elevates the risk of the disease among the cases with risk genotypes. CONCLUSION ID and DD genotypes of ACE gene came out to be predisposing factors for the CAD cases in our study population.

[1]  J. Tsai,et al.  ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism associated with 1998 World Health Organization definition of metabolic syndrome in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. , 2002, Diabetes care.

[2]  S. Brahmachari,et al.  Variations in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in Indian populations of different ethnic origins , 2002, Journal of Biosciences.

[3]  M. Higgins,et al.  Epidemiology and prevention of coronary heart disease in families. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[4]  K. Wita,et al.  Modification of the coronary artery disease risk associated with the presence of traditional risk factors by insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene. , 2007, Genetic testing.

[5]  G. Attila,et al.  Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in coronary artery disease in southern Turkey. , 2005, Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology.

[6]  X. Shu,et al.  Joint effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on mortality. , 2007, Preventive medicine.

[7]  Á. Carracedo,et al.  RAS gene polymorphisms, classical risk factors and the advent of coronary artery disease in the Portuguese population , 2008, BMC cardiovascular disorders.

[8]  Karin Persson,et al.  Effect of nicotine and nicotine metabolites on angiotensin-converting enzyme in human endothelial cells. , 2008, Endothelium : journal of endothelial cell research.

[9]  B. Morris.  HYPOTHESIS: AN ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME/GENOTYPE, PRESENT IN ONE IN THREE CAUCASIANS, IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED MORTALITY RATE , 1996, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.

[10]  A. Dalal,et al.  Association of coronary artery disease with polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. , 2006, Indian heart journal.

[11]  A. Maxwell,et al.  ACE gene typing , 1994, The Lancet.

[12]  R Kreutz,et al.  A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[13]  J. Stricker,et al.  ACE I/D gene polymorphism: presence of the ACE D allele increases the risk of coronary artery disease in younger individuals. , 1998, Atherosclerosis.

[14]  F. Soubrier,et al.  PCR detection of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the human angiotensin converting enzyme gene (DCP1) (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase 1). , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[15]  F. Soubrier,et al.  Structure of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene. Two alternate promoters correspond to evolutionary steps of a duplicated gene. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[16]  Ambady Ramachandran,et al.  Association between ACE gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in South Indian patients. , 2001, JOP : Journal of the pancreas.

[17]  T. Ashavaid,et al.  Coronary heart disease, hypertension, and angiotensinogen gene variants in indian opulation , 2003 .

[18]  S. Reddy,et al.  Estimation of nicotine content in popular Indian brands of smoking and chewing tobacco products. , 2008, Indian Journal of Dental Research.

[19]  Shirley A. Miller,et al.  A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[20]  G. Davis,et al.  Molecular genetics of the renin-angiotensin system: implications for angiotensin II receptor blockade. , 1997, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[21]  J. Lau,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphic variant as a marker of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[22]  D. Agarwal.  Genetic Predisposition to Cardiovascular Diseases , 2001 .

[23]  A. Adeyemo,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and obesity: an examination of three black populations. , 2005, Obesity Research.

[24]  A. Reiner,et al.  Family history as a risk factor for early onset myocardial infarction in young women. , 2001, Atherosclerosis.

[25]  T. Murohara,et al.  Preventive cardiology: abstractAssociation of gene polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in low- or high-risk subjects defined by conventional risk factors , 2004 .

[26]  Philippe Amouyel,et al.  Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction , 1992, Nature.

[27]  F. Cambien,et al.  Familial resemblance of plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme level: the Nancy Study. , 1988, American journal of human genetics.

[28]  N. Iwai,et al.  D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is a risk factor for secondary cardiac events after myocardial infarction. , 1999, International journal of cardiology.

[29]  K. Cherian,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype is associated with premature coronary artery disease in Indian population , 2005 .

[30]  L. Tiret,et al.  Evidence, from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. , 1992, American journal of human genetics.

[31]  A. Vasku,et al.  Effect of ID ACE gene polymorphism on dietary composition and obesity-related anthropometric parameters in the Czech adult population , 2009, Genes & Nutrition.

[32]  D Crisan,et al.  Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Genotype and Disease Associations , 2000 .

[33]  M. Rieder,et al.  Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme , 1999, Nature Genetics.

[34]  S. Humphries,et al.  Lack of association of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE). Gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with CAD in two Asian populations , 1996, Clinical genetics.

[35]  G. Lathrop,et al.  Segregation and linkage analysis of serum angiotensin I-converting enzyme levels: evidence for two quantitative-trait loci. , 1995, American journal of human genetics.

[36]  A. Balcerzyk,et al.  Carrier-state of D allele in ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with coronary artery disease, in contrast to the C677-->T transition in the MTHFR gene. , 2003, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[37]  J. Eichner,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in a cohort of coronary angiography patients. , 2001, Atherosclerosis.

[38]  P Corvol,et al.  An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. , 1990, The Journal of clinical investigation.