Mechanisms of auxin-dependent cell and tissue polarity.

The establishment of cellular asymmetries and their coordination within the tissue layer are fundamental to the development of multicellular organisms. In plants, the induction and coordination of cell polarity have classically been attributed to involve the hormone auxin and its flow. However, the underlying mechanisms have only recently been addressed at the molecular level. We review progress on the characterisation of the auxin influx and efflux carrier properties of specific plasma membrane proteins, mechanisms underlying their delivery to and internalisation from the plasma membrane, their endocytic transport and degradation. We discuss mechanisms of auxin gradient, transport and response action during the coordination of polarity, along with the downstream involvement of Rho-of-plant small GTPases during the execution of cell polarity.

[1]  T. Sachs.  Pattern Formation in Plant Tissues , 1991 .

[2]  Zerihun Tadele,et al.  PIN Proteins Perform a Rate-Limiting Function in Cellular Auxin Efflux , 2006, Science.

[3]  Jiří Friml,et al.  Intracellular trafficking and proteolysis of the Arabidopsis auxin-efflux facilitator PIN2 are involved in root gravitropism , 2006, Nature Cell Biology.

[4]  H. Xue,et al.  Arabidopsis PLDζ2 Regulates Vesicle Trafficking and Is Required for Auxin Response[W] , 2007, The Plant Cell Online.

[5]  M. Hauser,et al.  Exploring the ESCRTing machinery in eukaryotes. , 2006, Trends in plant science.

[6]  C. Bell,et al.  Requirement of the Auxin Polar Transport System in Early Stages of Arabidopsis Floral Bud Formation. , 1991, The Plant cell.

[7]  Fumihiko Sato,et al.  PGP4, an ATP Binding Cassette P-Glycoprotein, Catalyzes Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana Rootsw⃞ , 2005, The Plant Cell Online.

[8]  Michael Sauer,et al.  Interactions among PIN-FORMED and P-Glycoprotein Auxin Transporters in Arabidopsis[W] , 2007, The Plant Cell Online.

[9]  G. Jürgens,et al.  Coordinated polar localization of auxin efflux carrier PIN1 by GNOM ARF GEF. , 1999, Science.

[10]  P. Prusinkiewicz,et al.  A plausible model of phyllotaxis , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  Arno C. Schmitt,et al.  Nt-RhoGDI2 regulates Rac/Rop signaling and polar cell growth in tobacco pollen tubes. , 2006, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[12]  A. Murphy,et al.  The ABC of auxin transport: The role of p‐glycoproteins in plant development , 2006, FEBS letters.

[13]  Michael Sauer,et al.  A Molecular Framework for Plant Regeneration , 2006, Science.

[14]  R Chen,et al.  Arabidopsis thalianaのAGRAVITROPIC 1遺伝子は極性オーキシン輸送の流出キャリアの構成員をコード化する , 1998 .

[15]  M. Bennett,et al.  Subcellular Trafficking of the Arabidopsis Auxin Influx Carrier AUX1 Uses a Novel Pathway Distinct from PIN1[W] , 2006, The Plant Cell Online.

[16]  M. Grebe.  Ups and downs of tissue and planar polarity in plants , 2004, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[17]  Pierre Barbier de Reuille,et al.  Computer simulations reveal novel properties of the cell-cell signaling network at the shoot apex in /Arabidopsis , 2005 .

[18]  F. Bischoff,et al.  Localization of AtROP4 and AtROP6 and interaction with the guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor AtRhoGDI1 from Arabidopsis , 2000, Plant Molecular Biology.

[19]  L. Dolan,et al.  A RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor spatially regulates growth in root hair cells , 2005, Nature.

[20]  Gerrit T. S. Beemster,et al.  Root gravitropism requires lateral root cap and epidermal cells for transport and response to a mobile auxin signal , 2005, Nature Cell Biology.

[21]  D. Cove.  The generation and modification of cell polarity. , 2000, Journal of experimental botany.

[22]  B. Scheres,et al.  Dissection of Arabidopsis ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 Function in Epidermal Cell Polarityw⃞ , 2005, The Plant Cell Online.

[23]  M. Sliwinski,et al.  The Arabidopsis AAA ATPase SKD1 Is Involved in Multivesicular Endosome Function and Interacts with Its Positive Regulator LYST-INTERACTING PROTEIN5[W] , 2007, The Plant Cell Online.

[24]  E. Mjolsness,et al.  An auxin-driven polarized transport model for phyllotaxis , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  B. Kost,et al.  Tobacco RhoGTPase ACTIVATING PROTEIN1 Spatially Restricts Signaling of RAC/Rop to the Apex of Pollen Tubes , 2006, The Plant Cell Online.

[26]  A. Nakano,et al.  Arabidopsis Sterol Endocytosis Involves Actin-Mediated Trafficking via ARA6-Positive Early Endosomes , 2003, Current Biology.

[27]  K. Ljung,et al.  Cell Polarity Signaling in Arabidopsis Involves a BFA-Sensitive Auxin Influx Pathway , 2002, Current Biology.

[28]  Klaus Palme,et al.  Vectorial Information for Arabidopsis Planar Polarity Is Mediated by Combined AUX1, EIN2, and GNOM Activity , 2006, Current Biology.

[29]  Ying Fu,et al.  The Arabidopsis Rop2 GTPase Is a Positive Regulator of Both Root Hair Initiation and Tip Growth Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010359. , 2002, The Plant Cell Online.

[30]  David A. Morris,et al.  Auxin inhibits endocytosis and promotes its own efflux from cells , 2005, Nature.

[31]  Henrik Jönsson,et al.  Modelling meristem development in plants. , 2007, Current opinion in plant biology.

[32]  I. Hwang,et al.  Clathrin-Mediated Constitutive Endocytosis of PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers in Arabidopsis , 2007, Current Biology.

[33]  Klaus Palme,et al.  Auxin in action: signalling, transport and the control of plant growth and development , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[34]  M. Hülskamp,et al.  The Arabidopsis elch mutant reveals functions of an ESCRT component in cytokinesis , 2006, Development.

[35]  Célia Baroux,et al.  Cellular efflux of auxin catalyzed by the Arabidopsis MDR/PGP transporter AtPGP1. , 2005, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[36]  M. Sauer,et al.  Canalization of auxin flow by Aux/IAA-ARF-dependent feedback regulation of PIN polarity. , 2006, Genes & development.

[37]  Michael Sauer,et al.  Molecular and cellular aspects of auxin-transport-mediated development. , 2007, Trends in plant science.

[38]  G. Muday,et al.  Genetic and Chemical Reductions in Protein Phosphatase Activity Alter Auxin Transport, Gravity Response, and Lateral Root Growth , 2001, The Plant Cell Online.

[39]  G. Sandberg,et al.  AXR4 Is Required for Localization of the Auxin Influx Facilitator AUX1 , 2006, Science.

[40]  D. Schachtman,et al.  High-Affinity Auxin Transport by the AUX1 Influx Carrier Protein , 2006, Current Biology.

[41]  A. Nakano,et al.  The Arabidopsis GNOM ARF-GEF Mediates Endosomal Recycling, Auxin Transport, and Auxin-Dependent Plant Growth , 2003, Cell.

[42]  J. Friml,et al.  Control of leaf vascular patterning by polar auxin transport. , 2006, Genes & development.

[43]  A. Murphy,et al.  Immunophilin-like TWISTED DWARF1 Modulates Auxin Efflux Activities of Arabidopsis P-glycoproteins* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[44]  E. Meyerowitz,et al.  Patterns of Auxin Transport and Gene Expression during Primordium Development Revealed by Live Imaging of the Arabidopsis Inflorescence Meristem , 2005, Current Biology.

[45]  Jan Traas,et al.  The plasma membrane recycling pathway and cell polarity in plants: studies on PIN proteins , 2006, Journal of Cell Science.

[46]  Malcolm J Bennett,et al.  Auxin transport: a field in flux. , 2006, Trends in plant science.

[47]  G. Fink,et al.  EIR1, a root-specific protein involved in auxin transport, is required for gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. , 1998, Genes & development.

[48]  Y. Jaillais,et al.  AtSNX1 defines an endosome for auxin-carrier trafficking in Arabidopsis , 2006, Nature.

[49]  P. Masson,et al.  The arabidopsis thaliana AGRAVITROPIC 1 gene encodes a component of the polar-auxin-transport efflux carrier. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[50]  Ben Scheres,et al.  Polar PIN Localization Directs Auxin Flow in Plants , 2006, Science.

[51]  J. Friml,et al.  Arabidopsis thaliana Rop GTPases are localized to tips of root hairs and control polar growth , 2001, The EMBO journal.