Contributed Review: Recent developments in acoustic energy harvesting for autonomous wireless sensor nodes applications.

Rapid developments in micro electronics, micro fabrication, ultra-large scale of integration, ultra-low power sensors, and wireless technology have greatly reduced the power consumption requirements of wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) and make it possible to operate these devices with energy harvesters. Likewise, other energy harvesters, acoustic energy harvesters (AEHs), have been developed and are gaining swift interest in last few years. This paper presents a review of AEHs reported in the literature for the applications of WSNs. Based on transduction mechanism, there are two types of AEHs: piezoelectric acoustic energy harvesters (PEAEHs) and electromagnetic acoustic energy harvesters (EMAEHs). The reported AEHs are mostly characterized under the sound pressure level (SPL) that ranges from 45 to 161 dB. The range for resonant frequency of the produced AEHs is from 146 Hz to 24 kHz and these produced 0.68 × 10(-6) μW to 30 mW power. The maximum power (30 mW) is produced by a PEAEH, when the harvester is subjected to a SPL of 161 dB and 2.64 kHz frequency. However, for EMAEHs, the maximum power reported is about 1.96 mW (at 125 dB and 143 Hz). Under the comparable SPLs, the power production by the reported EMAEHs is relatively better than that of PEAEHs, moreover, due to lower resonant frequency, the EMAEHs are more feasible for the low frequency band acoustical environment.

[1]  Farid Ullah Khan,et al.  Modeling of linear micro electromagnetic energy harvesters with nonuniform magnetic field for sinusoidal vibrations , 2015 .

[2]  Tomohiro Matsuda,et al.  Lead Zirconate Titanate Acoustic Energy Harvesters Utilizing Different Polarizations on Diaphragm , 2011 .

[3]  Farid Ullah Khan,et al.  Acoustic-Based Electrodynamic Energy Harvester for Wireless Sensor Nodes Application , 2013 .

[4]  M. Alster,et al.  Improved calculation of resonant frequencies of Helmholtz resonators , 1972 .

[5]  Jie Chen,et al.  A nanogenerator for harvesting airflow energy and light energy , 2014 .

[6]  J A Hoffer,et al.  Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort , 2008, Science.

[7]  J. H. You,et al.  Low frequency acoustic energy harvesting using PZT piezoelectric plates in a straight tube resonator , 2013 .

[8]  Edith L. R. Corliss,et al.  Quieting: A Practical Guide to Noise Control , 2000 .

[9]  Jitao Zhang,et al.  Note: High-efficiency broadband acoustic energy harvesting using Helmholtz resonator and dual piezoelectric cantilever beams. , 2014, The Review of scientific instruments.

[10]  Yang Wang,et al.  Design and Evaluation of a Wireless Sensor Network Based Aircraft Strength Testing System , 2009, Sensors.

[11]  Peng Jiang,et al.  Design of a Water Environment Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, Sensors.

[12]  Kenneth A. Cunefare,et al.  Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration , 2000 .

[13]  Farid Ullah Khan,et al.  Electromagnetic-based acoustic energy harvester , 2013, INMIC.

[14]  Tomohiro Matsuda,et al.  Helmholtz Resonator for Lead Zirconate Titanate Acoustic Energy Harvester , 2013 .

[15]  Toshikazu Nishida,et al.  A MEMS acoustic energy harvester , 2006 .

[16]  Farid Ullah Khan,et al.  Copper foil-type vibration-based electromagnetic energy harvester , 2010 .

[17]  Sanjib Kumar Panda,et al.  Energy Harvesting From Hybrid Indoor Ambient Light and Thermal Energy Sources for Enhanced Performance of Wireless Sensor Nodes , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[18]  Lien-Wen Chen,et al.  Acoustic energy harvesting using resonant cavity of a sonic crystal , 2009 .

[19]  Malcolm J. Crocker,et al.  Handbook of noise and vibration control , 2007 .

[20]  Fei Liu,et al.  Demonstration of a wireless, self-powered, electroacoustic liner system. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[21]  Satoshi Iizumi,et al.  Improved Performances of Acoustic Energy Harvester Fabricated Using Sol/Gel Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Film , 2011 .

[22]  D. Blackstock.  Fundamentals of Physical Acoustics , 2000 .

[23]  Shu Kimura,et al.  Lead Zirconate Titanate Acoustic Energy Harvester Proposed for Microelectromechanical System/IC Integrated Systems , 2010 .

[24]  Fei Liu,et al.  A multiple degree of freedom electromechanical Helmholtz resonator. , 2007, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[25]  Bin Li,et al.  Harvesting low-frequency acoustic energy using quarter-wavelength straight-tube acoustic resonator , 2013 .

[26]  S. Gelfand.  Essentials of Audiology , 1997 .

[27]  Abhiman Hande,et al.  Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes , 2007, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[28]  Farid Ullah Khan,et al.  Nonlinear behaviour of membrane type electromagnetic energy harvester under harmonic and random vibrations , 2014 .

[29]  Farrokh Sassani,et al.  Modeling and Simulation of Linear and Nonlinear MEMS Scale Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters for Random Vibration Environments , 2014, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[30]  Y. Wen,et al.  A wideband acoustic energy harvester using a three degree-of-freedom architecture , 2013 .

[31]  John A. Stankovic.  Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, Computer.

[32]  Daniel Guyomar,et al.  Nonlinear optimization of acoustic energy harvesting using piezoelectric devices. , 2010, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[33]  Di Chen,et al.  A MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator array for vibration energy harvesting , 2008, Microelectron. J..

[34]  Akira Todoroki,et al.  Wireless Monitoring of Automobile Tires for Intelligent Tires , 2008, Sensors.

[35]  Ping Li,et al.  Enhanced acoustoelectric coupling in acoustic energy harvester using dual helmholtz resonators , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.