Noninvasive Skin Respiration (CO2) Measurement Based on Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.

A noninvasive method for disease diagnosis that does not require complex specialized laboratory facilities and chemical reagents is particularly attractive in the current medical environment. Here, we develop a noninvasive skin respiration sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) that can monitor the skin elimination rate of carbon dioxide (CO2). A 3.8 mW distributed feedback laser emitting at 2.0 μm is used as an excitation source, and a three-dimensional (3D)-printed acoustic detection module is designed to apply to the skin as a sensor head. The performance of the noninvasive skin respiration sensor is assessed in terms of detection sensitivity, linearity, long-term stability, and water effect. A minimum detection limit of 35 ppb is achieved at the optimal integration time of 670 s. The skin respiration measurements from eight healthy volunteers are recorded, and the real-time results are analyzed.

[1]  Xukun Yin,et al.  Research progress on photoacoustic SF6 decomposition gas sensor in gas-insulated switchgear , 2022, Journal of Applied Physics.

[2]  V. Spagnolo,et al.  Quartz tuning forks resonance frequency matching for laser spectroscopy sensing , 2022, Photoacoustics.

[3]  Y. Zhong,et al.  Ppb-level gas detection using on-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy based on a 28 kHz tuning fork , 2021, Photoacoustics.

[4]  Hongpeng Wu,et al.  High and flat spectral responsivity of quartz tuning fork used as infrared photodetector in tunable diode laser spectroscopy , 2021, Applied Physics Reviews.

[5]  Ke Chen,et al.  Photoacoustic trace gas detection of ethylene in high-concentration methane background based on dual light sources and fiber-optic microphone , 2020 .

[6]  Xukun Yin,et al.  Compact and Highly Sensitive NO2 Photoacoustic Sensor for Environmental Monitoring , 2020, Molecules.

[7]  Frank K. Tittel,et al.  Near-Infrared Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopic Multi-Gas Sensor Using a 1650 nm Light Emitting Diode. , 2019, ACS sensors.

[8]  T. Arakawa,et al.  Real-time monitoring of skin ethanol gas by a high-sensitivity gas phase biosensor (bio-sniffer) for the non-invasive evaluation of volatile blood compounds. , 2019, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  Wei Ren,et al.  A portable low-power QEPAS-based CO2 isotope sensor using a fiber-coupled interband cascade laser , 2017 .

[10]  Huadan Zheng,et al.  Beat frequency quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for fast and calibration-free continuous trace-gas monitoring , 2017, Nature Communications.

[11]  T. Arakawa,et al.  Fluorometric Biosniffer Camera "Sniff-Cam" for Direct Imaging of Gaseous Ethanol in Breath and Transdermal Vapor. , 2017, Analytical chemistry.

[12]  R. Schier,et al.  Transcutaneous PtcCO2 measurement in combination with arterial blood gas analysis provides superior accuracy and reliability in ICU patients , 2017, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.

[13]  Xukun Yin,et al.  Quartz enhanced photoacoustic H2S gas sensor based on a fiber-amplifier source and a custom tuning fork with large prong spacing , 2015 .

[14]  R. Capuano,et al.  Solid-state gas sensors for breath analysis: a review. , 2014, Analytica chimica acta.

[15]  H. Beere,et al.  Terahertz quartz enhanced photo-acoustic sensor , 2013 .

[16]  Lei Wang,et al.  Trace gas detection based on off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy: optimization and performance evaluation. , 2010, The Review of scientific instruments.

[17]  Lei Dong,et al.  QEPAS spectrophones: design, optimization, and performance , 2010 .

[18]  Frank K. Tittel,et al.  QEPAS detector for rapid spectral measurements , 2010 .

[19]  C. Wysocki,et al.  Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.

[20]  K. Hill,et al.  Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring. , 2006 .

[21]  A. Kosterev,et al.  Applications of quartz tuning forks in spectroscopic gas sensing , 2005 .

[22]  A. Ishida,et al.  Early hypocarbia of preterm infants: Its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia and cerebral palsy, and its perinatal risk factors , 2005, Acta paediatrica.

[23]  M. Swaminathan,et al.  Hypocarbia in the ventilated preterm infant and its effect on intraventricular haemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia , 2002, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[24]  D. Lübbers,et al.  The cutaneous uptake of atmospheric oxygen contributes significantly to the oxygen supply of human dermis and epidermis , 2002, The Journal of physiology.

[25]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  Reprint of: The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 edition , 1998 .

[26]  S. Weiss,et al.  CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION IN MAN , 1929 .

[27]  J. Tobias.  Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in infants and children. , 2009, Paediatric anaesthesia.