The influence of alcohol expectancy priming and mood manipulation on subsequent alcohol consumption.

Studies showing that verbal priming can implicitly affect alcohol consumption have been used to support cognitive models of expectancies. However, because expectancy words reflect affective states as well as drinking outcomes, mediation through an affective pathway remains theoretically plausible (i.e., such words inadvertently may affect mood, which in turn influences drinking). The primary pathway was identified (and expectancy theory was tested) by comparing memory priming (using alcohol expectancy or neutral words) with mood induction (using positive or neutral music); an unrelated experiment paradigm allowed the priming manipulation to implicitly affect drinking. Men in the alcohol priming group drank significantly more than men in each of the other conditions, and, consistent with theory, men with histories of heavier drinking drank the most when primed with alcohol expectancies, indicating that expectancies can function as automatic memory processes.

[1]  S. Pinker.  How the Mind Works , 1999, Philosophy after Darwin.

[2]  W. Corbin,et al.  Effects of priming positive and negative outcomes on drinking responses. , 1998, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.

[3]  A W Stacy,et al.  Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. , 1997, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[4]  M. Goldman,et al.  Empirical modeling of an alcohol expectancy memory network in elementary school children as a function of grade. , 1996 .

[5]  B. Leigh,et al.  Automatic activation of alcohol concepts in response to positive outcomes of alcohol use. , 1996, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[6]  M. Goldman,et al.  Implicit Priming of Alcohol Expectancy Memory Processes and Subsequent Drinking Behavior , 1995 .

[7]  B. Leigh,et al.  Memory accessibility and association of alcohol use and its positive outcomes. , 1994 .

[8]  M. Goldman,et al.  Drinking-related differences in the memory organization of alcohol expectancies. , 1994 .

[9]  Sven-Åke Christianson,et al.  The Handbook of Emotion and Memory : Research and Theory , 1994 .

[10]  M. Goldman,et al.  Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: experimental evidence for a mediational process. , 1993, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[11]  T. McNamara.  Priming and constraints it places on theories of memory and retrieval , 1992 .

[12]  T. Babor.  Addictive Behaviors: Prevention and Early Intervention , 1992 .

[13]  M. Goldman,et al.  Empirical modeling of an alcohol expectancy memory network using multidimensional scaling. , 1992, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[14]  M. Goldman,et al.  Alcoholism and memory: broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[15]  Colin M. Macleod.  Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[16]  H L Roediger,et al.  Implicit memory. Retention without remembering. , 1990, The American psychologist.

[17]  J. Gray,et al.  Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. , 1990 .

[18]  G A Marlatt,et al.  Expectancy models of alcohol use. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[19]  S. Tiffany,et al.  A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. , 1990, Psychological review.

[20]  Collins-Nakai Rl,et al.  Alcohol and the balanced-placebo design: were experimenter demands in expectancy really tested? Comment on Knight, Barbaree, and Boland (1986). , 1988 .

[21]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  A retrieval theory of priming in memory. , 1988, Psychological review.

[22]  H. Perkins,et al.  Personality characteristics of children of alcoholics. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[23]  Marcel Adam Just,et al.  The Role of Working Memory in Language Comprehension , 1988 .

[24]  H. Barbaree,et al.  Alcohol and the balanced-placebo design: the role of experimenter demands in expectancy. , 1986, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[25]  C. Camp,et al.  Musical mood induction: an alternative to the Velten technique. , 1986, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[26]  T. Chang.  Semantic memory: Facts and models. , 1986 .

[27]  D. Schacter,et al.  Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[28]  M. Goldman,et al.  Alcohol-related expectancies versus demographic/background variables in the prediction of adolescent drinking. , 1983, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[29]  D. Swinney.  Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects , 1979 .

[30]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[31]  M. Hersen,et al.  A retrospective analysis of alcohol consumption on laboratory tasks as related to therapeutic outcome. , 1974, Behaviour research and therapy.

[32]  G. Marlatt,et al.  Loss of control drinking in alcoholics: an experimental analogue. , 1973, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[33]  R. Bolles.  Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. , 1972 .

[34]  E. Velten.  A laboratory task for induction of mood states. , 1968, Behaviour research and therapy.

[35]  M. Goldman,et al.  Alcohol expectancy theory: The application ofcognitive neuroscience , 1999 .

[36]  I. Kirsch.  How expectancies shape experience. , 1999 .

[37]  M. Goldman.  Expectancy operation: Cognitive and neural models and architectures , 1999 .

[38]  M. Goldman,et al.  Expectancy mediation of biopsychosocial riskfor alcohol use and alcoholism , 1999 .

[39]  R. Parasuraman.  The attentive brain , 1998 .

[40]  M. Banaji,et al.  Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. , 1995, Psychological review.

[41]  M. Earleywine,et al.  Identification of nonalcoholic and alcoholic beers: effects of consumption practices and beer brand. , 1990, Addictive behaviors.

[42]  M. Goldman.  Alcohol expectancies as cognitive-behavioral psychology: Theory and practice , 1989 .

[43]  E. Tory Higgins,et al.  Knowledge accessibility and activation: Subjectivity and suffering from unconscious sources. , 1989 .

[44]  R. Fazio.  On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility. , 1989 .

[45]  J. Bargh.  Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. , 1989 .

[46]  F. Albersnagel,et al.  Velten and musical mood induction procedures: a comparison with accessibility of thought associations. , 1988, Behaviour research and therapy.

[47]  K. Sher,et al.  Reports of paternal alcoholism: reliability across siblings. , 1986, Addictive behaviors.