Comparing close-to-naturesilviculture with processes in pristine forests: lessons from Central Europe

The specific goals of this paper are the following: 1. To determine, using beech-dominated pristine forests as anexample,themaindrivingforcesofgenerationrenewal intermsoflifecycledurationandspatialrenewalpatterns; 2. Toillustratecontrastinglightrequirementsduringrenewal by comparing pristine oak and beech forests; 3. To elucidate the lower limits of stocking and canopy openness for silvicultural renewal in small clusters based on pristine forest research; 4. Topresentanapproachforimplementingthesefindingsin a liberal and versatile forest management

[1]  P. Brang,et al.  Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change , 2014 .

[2]  J. Diaci,et al.  Gap disturbance patterns of a Fagus sylvatica virgin forest remnant in the mountain vegetation belt of Slovenia , 2005 .

[3]  L. DRÖßER.  Canopy gaps in two virgin beech forest reserves in Slovakia , 2022 .

[4]  P. White,et al.  The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , 1986 .

[5]  J. Schütz.  Opportunistic methods of controlling vegetation, inspired by natural plant succession dynamics with special reference to natural outmixing tendencies in a gap regeneration , 2004 .

[6]  T. Vrška,et al.  Developmental phases in a temperate natural spruce-fir-beech forest: determination by a supervised classification method , 2010, European Journal of Forest Research.

[7]  J. Schuetz,et al.  Dynamics of changes in dead wood share in selected beech virgin forests within their development cycle , 2001 .

[8]  Norman A. Bourg,et al.  CTFS‐ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change , 2015, Global change biology.

[9]  M. Saniga,et al.  Canopy gaps in an old-growth fir-beech forest remnant of Western Carpathians , 2010, European Journal of Forest Research.

[10]  J. Schütz.  Uneven‐aged silviculture: tradition and practices , 2002 .

[11]  Y. Serengil,et al.  Managing forests as complex adaptive systems: building resilience to the challenge of global change , 2014 .

[12]  Dr. L. Wappes.  Aus der Theorie und Praxis des Femelschlagbetriebes , 1905, Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt (1948).

[13]  J. Diaci,et al.  Intermediate wind disturbance in an old-growth beech-fir forest in southeastern Slovenia , 2006 .

[14]  T. Nagel,et al.  Disturbance, life history traits, and dynamics in an old-growth forest landscape of southeastern Europe. , 2014, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[15]  Jurij Diaci.  Nature-based forestry in Central Europe: alternatives to industrial forestry and strict preservation. , 2006 .

[16]  W. Reiners,et al.  Size distribution and expansion of canopy gaps in a northern Appalachian spruce-fir forest , 1986, Vegetatio.

[17]  J. Schütz.  Intensität der Waldpflege und Baumartendiversität im Wald – oder: Naturautomation contra Entmischung | Intensity of tending and forest tree species diversity: Natural automation vs. outmixing , 2005 .

[18]  M. Saniga,et al.  Modelling the risks of natural stand closure release with ageing in pure beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) stands , 2011, Annals of Forest Science.

[19]  F. Meloni,et al.  Toward a definition of the range of variability of central European mixed Fagus-Abies-Picea forests: the nearly steady-state forest of Lom (Bosnia and Herzegovina) , 2011 .

[20]  J. Diaci,et al.  A dendroecological reconstruction of disturbance in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in Slovenia , 2007, Annals of Forest Science.

[21]  Joseph Buongiorno,et al.  Tree Size Diversity and Economic Returns in Uneven-Aged Forest Stands , 1994 .

[22]  T. Vrška,et al.  Spatial and volume patterns of an unmanaged submontane mixed forest in Central Europe: 160 years of spontaneous dynamics , 2011 .

[23]  T. Vrška,et al.  European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) rotation in the Carpathians―A developmental cycle or a linear trend induced by man? , 2009 .

[24]  J. Schütz.  Modelling the demographic sustainability of pure beech plenter forests in Eastern Germany , 2006 .

[25]  R. Motta,et al.  Comparative Structural Dynamics of the Janj Mixed Old-Growth Mountain Forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Are Conifers in a Long-Term Decline? , 2014 .

[26]  P. Ozenda.  Végétation du continent européen , 1994 .

[27]  Jean-Philippe Schütz,et al.  Improving estimations of maximal stand density by combining Reineke’s size-density rule and the yield level, using the example of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) , 2011, Annals of Forest Science.

[28]  Beyond Even- vs. Uneven-Aged Management , 1994 .

[29]  Bernhard E. Splechtna,et al.  Disturbance history of a European old-growth mixed-species forest – A spatial dendro-ecological analysis , 2005 .

[30]  S. Korpel,et al.  Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten , 1995 .

[31]  E. Röhrig.  Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage , 2020 .

[32]  Philip J. Burton,et al.  A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management objectives , 1997 .

[33]  Brian Huntley,et al.  Climatic control of the distribution and abundance of beech (Fagus L.) in Europe and North America. , 1989 .

[34]  T. Vrška,et al.  Natural Gap Dynamics in a Central European Mixed Beech-Spruce-Fir Old-Growth Forest , 2009 .

[35]  P. White,et al.  The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , 1986 .

[36]  J. Parviainen,et al.  Strict forest reserves in Europe: efforts to enhance biodiversity and research on forests left for free development in Europe (EU-COST-Action E4) , 2000 .

[37]  J. Schütz.  Naturnaher Waldbau: gestern, heute, morgen | Near-Natural Silviculture: Past, Present and Future , 1999 .

[38]  T. Nagel,et al.  Gap disturbance regime in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in the Dinaric Mountains, Bosnia-Herzegovina , 2008 .

[39]  A. Di Filippo,et al.  Structure , dynamics and dendroecology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Apennines , 2005 .

[40]  C. Messier,et al.  Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems , 2013 .

[41]  J. Diaci,et al.  Structural dynamics and synchronous silver fir decline in mixed old-growth mountain forests in Eastern and Southeastern Europe , 2011 .

[42]  M. Obrist,et al.  Horizontal and vertical distribution of saproxylic beetles (Col., Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytinae) across sections of forest edges , 2007 .

[43]  A. Nielsen,et al.  The forest cycle of Suserup Skov - revisited and revised , 2007 .

[44]  J. Schütz.  Close-to-nature silviculture: is this concept compatible with species diversity? , 1999 .

[45]  P. Šamonil,et al.  Interaction between tree species populations and windthrow dynamics in natural beech-dominated forest, Czech Republic , 2012 .

[46]  Jürgen Bauhus,et al.  Silviculture for old-growth attributes , 2009 .

[47]  K. Gayer.  Über den Femelschlagbetrieb und seine Ausgestaltung in Bayern , 1895 .

[48]  S. McMahon,et al.  Patch mosaic of developmental stages in central European natural forests along vegetation gradient , 2014 .

[49]  Craig G. Lorimer,et al.  MINIMUM OPENING SIZES FOR CANOPY RECRUITMENT OF MIDTOLERANT TREE SPECIES: A RETROSPECTIVE APPROACH , 2005 .

[50]  J. Schütz.  Silvicultural tools to develop irregular and diverse forest structures , 2002 .