Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4).

The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) and its earlier versions are measures designed to assess societal and interpersonal aspects of appearance ideals. Correlational, structural equation modeling, and prospective studies of the SATAQ-3 have shown consistent and significant associations with measures of body image disturbance and eating pathology. In the current investigation, the SATAQ-3 was revised to improve upon some conceptual limitations and was evaluated in 4 U.S. and 3 international female samples, as well as a U.S. male sample. In Study 1, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for a sample of women from the Southeastern United States (N = 859) indicated a 22-item scale with 5 factors: Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat, Internalization: Muscular/Athletic, Pressures: Family, Pressures: Media, Pressures: Peers. This scale structure was confirmed in 3 independent and geographically diverse samples of women from the United States (East Coast N = 440, West Coast N = 304, and North/Midwest N = 349). SATAQ-4 scale scores demonstrated excellent reliability and good convergent validity with measures of body image, eating disturbance, and self-esteem. Study 2 replicated the factorial validity, reliability, and convergent validity of the SATAQ-4 in an international sample of women drawn from Italy, England, and Australia (N = 362). Study 3 examined a sample of college males from the United States (N = 271); the 5-factor solution was largely replicated, yet there was some evidence of an underlying structure unique to men. Future research avenues include additional item testing and modification of the scale for men, as well as adaptation of the measure for children and adolescents.

[1]  L. Farrand.  THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. , 1897, Science.

[2]  T. Tylka,et al.  College Men's Perceptions of Ideal Body Composition and Shape. , 2005 .

[3]  M. Brannick,et al.  The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Body Image: A Meta‐Analysis , 2006 .

[4]  F. Floyd,et al.  Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. , 1995 .

[5]  R. Rodgers,et al.  Parental attitudes, body image disturbance and disordered eating amongst adolescents and young adults: a review. , 2009, European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association.

[6]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[7]  P. Keel,et al.  Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. , 2013, The International journal of eating disorders.

[8]  D. McCreary,et al.  Gender Differences in High School Students’ Dieting Behavior and Their Correlates , 2002 .

[9]  J. Thompson,et al.  Factors Influencing Body Image During Adolescence , 2011 .

[10]  B. Byrne.  Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming , 1998 .

[11]  C. Fairburn,et al.  Prevalence and Long-Term Course of Lifetime Eating Disorders in an Adult Australian Twin Cohort , 2006 .

[12]  Rachel M. Calogero,et al.  Body Size Stereotyping and Internalization of the Thin Ideal in Preschool Girls , 2010 .

[13]  M. Brannick,et al.  Appearance-related teasing, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: A meta-analysis. , 2010, Body image.

[14]  E. Stice,et al.  Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology , 2001 .

[15]  J. Thompson,et al.  The use of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire with middle school boys and girls. , 2001, The International journal of eating disorders.

[16]  Thatiana Helena de Lima,et al.  Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the , 2017 .

[17]  J. Thompson,et al.  Internalization of Thin-Ideal and Muscular-Ideal , 2012 .

[18]  E. Stice,et al.  The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys , 2006, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[19]  Anna Blond,et al.  Impacts of exposure to images of ideal bodies on male body dissatisfaction: a review. , 2008, Body image.

[20]  A. Bardone-Cone,et al.  Psychometric properties of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire: factor structure and internal consistency. , 2007, The International journal of eating disorders.

[21]  H. Hoek,et al.  Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. , 2003, The International journal of eating disorders.

[22]  L. Guttman.  Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis , 1954 .

[23]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[24]  F. Neto,et al.  The Attractive Female Body Weight and Female Body Dissatisfaction in 26 Countries Across 10 World Regions: Results of the International Body Project I , 2010, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[25]  W. Agras,et al.  Predicting onset and cessation of bulimic behaviors during adolescence: A longitudinal grouping analysis , 1998 .

[26]  E. Stice,et al.  Naturalistic weight-reduction efforts prospectively predict growth in relative weight and onset of obesity among female adolescents. , 1999, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[27]  W. Furman,et al.  Interpersonal influences on late adolescent girls' and boys' disordered eating. , 2009, Eating behaviors.

[28]  M. McCabe,et al.  Gender Differences Among Adolescents in Family, and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, Weight Loss, and Binge Eating Behaviors , 2000 .

[29]  J. Rodin,et al.  Women and weight: a normative discontent. , 1985, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[30]  L. Ricciardelli,et al.  Body Image and Self-Esteem Across Age and Gender: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study , 2010 .

[31]  M. Labre.  The male body ideal: perspectives of readers and non-readers of fitness magazines , 2005 .

[32]  N. Clark.  Women and Weight. , 1992, The Physician and sportsmedicine.

[33]  J. Thompson,et al.  Internalization of Appearance Ideals and Cosmetic Surgery Attitudes: A Test of the Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image , 2011 .

[34]  V. Slaughter,et al.  Normal body, beautiful body: discrepant perceptions reveal a pervasive 'thin ideal' from childhood to adulthood. , 2011, Body image.

[35]  Barbara M. Byrne.  Structural Equation Modeling With Lisrel, Prelis, And Simplis: Basic Concepts, Applications, And Programming (Multivariate Applications Series) By Barbara M. Byrne , 2013 .

[36]  D. Neumark-Sztainer,et al.  Longitudinal and Secular Trends in Weight‐related Teasing during Adolescence , 2008, Obesity.

[37]  J. Thompson,et al.  Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire. , 1995, The International journal of eating disorders.

[38]  E. Pisani,et al.  Validation of an Italian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) on adolescent girls. , 2011, Body image.

[39]  D. McCreary.  The Drive for Muscularity Scale: Description, Psychometrics, and Research Findings. , 2007 .

[40]  R. MacCallum,et al.  THE APPLICATION OF EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANALYSIS , 1986 .

[41]  M. Coovert,et al.  The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: a covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. , 2002, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[42]  Todd Jackson,et al.  Factor structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among adolescent boys in China. , 2010, Body image.

[43]  Denna L. Wheeler,et al.  A gender-based measurement invariance study of the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3. , 2011, Body image.

[44]  Rachel M. Calogero,et al.  The Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3): reliability and normative comparisons of eating disordered patients. , 2004, Body image.

[45]  E. Stice,et al.  Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: long-term effects from a randomized efficacy trial. , 2008, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[46]  B P O'Connor,et al.  SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test , 2000, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[47]  M. Hetherington,et al.  A Qualitative Exploration of Young Women’s Attitudes towards the Thin Ideal , 2011, Journal of health psychology.

[48]  J. Jahraus.  Medical Complications of Eating Disorders , 2018, Psychiatric Annals.

[49]  T. Heatherton,et al.  A 10-year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms. , 1997, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[50]  B. Thompson.  Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Understanding Concepts and Applications , 2004 .

[51]  J. Thompson,et al.  The Muscular Ideal: Psychological, Social, and Medical Perspectives , 2007 .

[52]  K. Brownell,et al.  The Impact of Weight Stigma on Caloric Consumption , 2011, Obesity.

[53]  D. Watson,et al.  Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development , 1995 .

[54]  Kristine H. Luce,et al.  The reliability of the Eating Disorder Examination-Self-Report Questionnaire Version (EDE-Q). , 1999, The International journal of eating disorders.

[55]  J. Thompson,et al.  The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): development and validation. , 2004, The International journal of eating disorders.

[56]  D. Neumark-Sztainer.  Can we simultaneously work toward the prevention of obesity and eating disorders in children and adolescents? , 2005, The International journal of eating disorders.

[57]  W. Velicer,et al.  Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. , 1986 .

[58]  H. Kraemer,et al.  Gender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms. , 2009, The International journal of eating disorders.

[59]  M. Lawson,et al.  Disordered eating attitudes and behaviours in teenaged girls: a school-based study. , 2001, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[60]  J. Kerns,et al.  The Aberrant Salience Inventory: a new measure of psychosis proneness. , 2010, Psychological assessment.

[61]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[62]  C. Wright,et al.  Psychometric Properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale among People with Arthritis , 2000, Psychological reports.

[63]  P. Mikulka,et al.  Attitudinal body-image assessment: factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. , 1990, Journal of personality assessment.

[64]  P. Bentler,et al.  Comparative fit indexes in structural models. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[65]  M. Tiggemann,et al.  Media Exposure, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Middle-aged Women , 2011 .

[66]  M. Rosenberg.  Society and the adolescent self-image , 1966 .

[67]  A. Astrup,et al.  Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic , 2000 .

[68]  J. Thompson,et al.  An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. , 2004, Body image.

[69]  V. Lewis,et al.  The Idealization of Thin Figures and Appearance Concerns in Middle School Children , 2010 .

[70]  F. Alsaker,et al.  Relationships amongst body dissatisfaction, internalisation of the media body ideal and perceived pressure from media in adolescent girls and boys. , 2007, Body image.

[71]  Miretta Prezza,et al.  La scala dell'autostima di Rosenberg: Traduzione e validazione Italiana. , 1997 .

[72]  D. Espelage,et al.  Factors Associated with Bullying Behavior in Middle School Students , 1999 .

[73]  Joel R. Grossbard,et al.  Body Image Concerns and Contingent Self-Esteem in Male and Female College Students , 2009, Sex roles.

[74]  E. Stice,et al.  Adverse effects of the media portrayed thin-ideal on women and linkages to bulimic symptomatology. , 1994 .

[75]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: User's Reference Guide , 1997 .

[76]  T. Wade,et al.  Examination of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 in a mixed-gender young-adolescent sample. , 2012, Psychological assessment.

[77]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. , 2007 .

[78]  Benjamin F. Rodriguez,et al.  Psychometric Properties , 2009 .

[79]  E. Stice.  Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: a meta-analytic review. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[80]  J. Thompson,et al.  Male Body Image: Satisfaction and Its Relationship to Well-Being Using the Somatomorphic Matrix , 2002 .

[81]  Cortney S Warren,et al.  Score reliability and factor similarity of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among four ethnic groups , 2013, Journal of Eating Disorders.

[82]  E. Penelo,et al.  Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) , 2012 .

[83]  R. Cattell.  The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. , 1966, Multivariate behavioral research.

[84]  T. F. Cash,et al.  Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention , 2011 .

[85]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling With the Simplis Command Language , 1993 .

[86]  Bernard Rosner,et al.  Relation between dieting and weight change among preadolescents and adolescents. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[87]  C. B. Taylor,et al.  Overweight, weight concerns, and bulimic behaviors among girls and boys. , 1999, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[88]  D. Neumark-Sztainer,et al.  Personal, Behavioral, and Environmental Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Overweight , 2007, Obesity.

[89]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[90]  Laurie B. Mintz,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of eating disordered behaviors among undergraduate women. , 1988 .

[91]  Rachel Hannah Salk,et al.  Fat Talk Among College Women is Both Contagious and Harmful , 2012 .

[92]  J. Polivy,et al.  Dieting and binging. A causal analysis. , 1985, The American psychologist.

[93]  Gender Differences in High School , 2016 .

[94]  J. Crowther,et al.  Psychological and behavioral correlates of the SATAQ-3 with males. , 2008, Body image.

[95]  J. Thompson,et al.  Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, And Treatment Of Body Image Disturbance , 2004 .

[96]  M. Browne,et al.  Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit , 1992 .

[97]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using Multivariate Statistics (5th Edition) , 2006 .

[98]  R. P. McDonald,et al.  Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis : The effect of sample size , 1988 .

[99]  Darren George,et al.  SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference , 1998 .

[100]  Lisa Ponfick.  The Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Clinical Handbook , 2010 .

[101]  Diana Adler,et al.  Using Multivariate Statistics , 2016 .

[102]  M. Tiggemann.  Sociocultural perspectives on human appearance and body image. , 2011 .

[103]  H. Kaiser.  The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis , 1960 .

[104]  K. Phillips,et al.  The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession , 2000 .

[105]  J. Thompson,et al.  The tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A replication with adolescent girls. , 2006, Body image.

[106]  D. Harris,et al.  Prevalence of concern about physical appearance in the general population. , 2001, British journal of plastic surgery.

[107]  M. McCabe,et al.  Sociocultural influences on adolescent boys' body image and body change strategies. , 2005, Body image.

[108]  D. J. Lee.  Society and the Adolescent Self-Image , 1969 .

[109]  S. J. Sinclair,et al.  Psychometric Properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Overall and Across Demographic Groups Living Within the United States , 2010, Evaluation & the health professions.

[110]  Donald R. McCreary,et al.  An Exploration of the Drive for Muscularity in Adolescent Boys and Girls , 2000, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.