Rigorous synthesis of diffractive optical elements

The analysis and the design of diffractive optical elements beyond the paraxial domain that contain wavelength-scale features must be based on the rigorous electromagnetic theory, i.e. on the solution of Maxwell's equations without introducing deliberate approximations present in scalar theories. In this paper we given an overview of various rigorous diffraction analysis methods and describe in more detail a Fourier-expansion eigenmode method that we call the BKK method. We apply exact diffraction theory to the analysis and the design of conventional diffractive elements as well as to the synthesis of several novel types of components.

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