[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)].

Resume Le trouble deficitaire d’attention avec ou sans hyperactivite (TDAH) est l’une des problematiques la plus frequemment rencontree chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Les difficultes du controle cognitif et de l’inhibition sont souvent rapportees dans la litterature sur le TDAH. Les etudes en neuropsychologie supportent de facon generale l’hypothese que l’absence premiere de controle de l’inhibition comportementale explique les deficits dans les fonctions executives et les comportements impulsifs du TDAH (2). Les resultats de plusieurs etudes en neuro-imagerie, neuropsychologie, genetique et neurochimie convergent vers l’implication d’une dysfonction du reseau neuronal frontostriatal comme cause probable du TDAH (4, 8, 16, 17, 18). Ces dysfonctions se retrouvent dans des regions comme le cortex prefrontal dorsolateral et ventrolateral, le cortex cingulaire dorsoanterieur et le neostriatum. L’etude de ces regions, ainsi que du corps calleux et du cervelet, est aujourd’hui plus facilement realisable grâce a l’imagerie par resonance magnetique fonctionnelle (IRMf) et structurelle. Les hypotheses et conclusions des etudes en neuro-imagerie du TDAH font l’objet du present releve. De plus, de futures questions de recherche dans ce domaine sont proposees au long du texte.

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