Bubble Clouds: A Review of Their Detection by Sonar, of Related Models, and of how Kv May be Determined

Clouds of subsurface bubbles caused by wind-waves breaking in deep water as whitecaps, or white horses, have been detected by upward-pointing sonars. The main results of experiments using a vertically-pointing narrow-beam sonar, a telesounder, and a dual-beam side-scan sonar, are described. Brief reference is made to the variety of physical phenomena, including internal waves, fronts, and Langmuir circulations, which can be detected through their effect on the clouds.