Authentication by Mapping Keystrokes to Music: The Melody of Typing

Expressing Keystroke Dynamics (KD) in form of sound opens new avenues to apply sound analysis techniques on KD. However this mapping is not straight-forward as varied feature space, differences in magnitudes of features and human interpretability of the music bring in complexities. We present a musical interface to KD by mapping keystroke features to music features. Music elements like melody, harmony, rhythm, pitch and tempo are varied with respect to the magnitude of their corresponding keystroke features. A pitch embedding technique makes the music discernible among users. Using the data from 30 users, who typed fixed strings multiple times on a desktop, shows that these auditory signals are distinguishable between users by both standard classifiers (SVM, Random Forests and Naive Bayes) and humans alike.

[1]  Peter B. L. Meijer,et al.  An experimental system for auditory image representations , 1992, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[2]  Fabian Monrose,et al.  Keystroke dynamics as a biometric for authentication , 2000, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[3]  Dimitris I. Rigas,et al.  Utilising audio-visual stimuli in interactive information systems: a two domain investigation on auditory metaphors , 2002, Proceedings. International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing.

[4]  Dinesh Kant Kumar,et al.  Auditory eyes: Representing visual information in sound and tactile cues , 2005, 2005 13th European Signal Processing Conference.

[5]  Feng Zhou,et al.  Keyboard acoustic emanations revisited , 2005, CCS '05.

[6]  Kirsi Helkala,et al.  Biometric Gait Authentication Using Accelerometer Sensor , 2006, J. Comput..

[7]  Einar Snekkenes,et al.  Gait Authentication and Identification Using Wearable Accelerometer Sensor , 2007, 2007 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies.

[8]  Wei Jia,et al.  Survey of Gait Recognition , 2009, ICIC.

[9]  Asok Ray,et al.  On the discriminability of keystroke feature vectors used in fixed text keystroke authentication , 2011, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[10]  Tao Feng,et al.  Continuous mobile authentication using touchscreen gestures , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST).

[11]  Eugene Mikyung Kim.  Harmonograph: A visual representation of sound , 2012, 2012 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems.

[12]  Arun Ross,et al.  Biometric authentication via keystroke sound , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB).

[13]  Vir V. Phoha,et al.  Scan-Based Evaluation of Continuous Keystroke Authentication Systems , 2013, IT Professional.

[14]  Vir V. Phoha,et al.  Which verifiers work?: A benchmark evaluation of touch-based authentication algorithms , 2013, 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[15]  Bogdan Cristian Florea.  MIDI-based controller of electrical drives , 2014, Proceedings of the 2014 6th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI).

[16]  Yunhao Liu,et al.  Context-free Attacks Using Keyboard Acoustic Emanations , 2014, CCS.

[17]  Mengjun Xie,et al.  MotionAuth: Motion-based authentication for wrist worn smart devices , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops).

[18]  Arun Ross,et al.  Investigating the Discriminative Power of Keystroke Sound , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[19]  Jie Yang,et al.  Snooping Keystrokes with mm-level Audio Ranging on a Single Phone , 2015, MobiCom.

[20]  Soumik Mondal,et al.  Swipe gesture based Continuous Authentication for mobile devices , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB).

[21]  Yang Gao,et al.  Enhanced free-text keystroke continuous authentication based on dynamics of wrist motion , 2017, 2017 IEEE Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS).

[22]  Juha Röning,et al.  Towards Personalised, DNA Signature Derived Music via the Short Tandem Repeats (STR) , 2018, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.