The Efficacy and Analytical Importance of Manual Feature Extraction Using Lidar Datasets

ABSTRACT The availability of lidar datasets has led to several advances in archaeology, notably in the process of site prospection. Some remote sensing practitioners have aimed to create automated feature extraction (AFE) techniques that increase the efficiency and efficacy of identification and analysis. While these advances have been successful, many archaeological professionals who might have an interest in lidar-derived products do not have the technical experience to modify or create AFE techniques for particular regions or environments. Additionally, some features are not appropriate for AFE. Instead, the most widely used technique is still likely to be visually based manual feature identification. Using authors of different experience levels, we seek to evaluate the use of manual techniques for feature identification and subsequent analysis by implementing a publicly available lidar-derived digital elevation model (DEM). We demonstrate that manual feature extraction (MFE) can be accurate when more than one researcher is involved in a sort of “checks and balances” process. We also show that the use of confidence ratings can be an important part of this process if those ratings have some systematic and clearly defined underpinning. Finally, we argue, using a case study from American Samoa, that manually identified features can be analytically important as part of larger landscape studies. La disponibilidad de conjuntos de datos lídar ha permitido varios avances en arqueología, notablemente en el proceso de prospección de sitios. Algunos profesionales de teledetección han apuntado a crear técnicas de extracción de características automatizadas (AFE por sus siglas en inglés) que aumentan la eficiencia y eficacia de la identificación y análisis. Aun cuando estos avances han sido exitosos, muchos arqueólogos interesados en el conjunto de datos lídar no tienen la experiencia técnica para modificar o crear técnicas AFE para su uso en regiones o ambientes particulares. Adicionalmente, algunos rasgos podrían no ser apropiados para el uso de AFE. Por lo tanto, es probable que la técnica mayormente usada continúe siendo la identificación manual de características por medio visual. Usando tres autores con diferentes niveles de experiencia, buscamos evaluar el uso de técnicas manuales para la identificación de rasgos y análisis subsecuentes usando un modelo de elevación digital de acceso público derivado de datos lídar. Demostramos que la extracción manual de características (MFE por sus siglas en inglés) puede ser precisa cuando más de un investigador participa en una especie de sistema de controles y balances. Demostramos que el uso de índices de confianza puede ser una parte importante de este proceso si las clasificaciones tienen bases claramente definidas y sistemáticas. Finalmente, usando el estudio de un caso de Samoa Estadounidense, argumentamos que la identificación manual de características puede ser analíticamente importante como parte de estudios de paisaje más amplios.

[1]  Miriam T. Stark,et al.  Residential patterning at Angkor Wat , 2015, Antiquity.

[2]  Jason Yaeger,et al.  Locating and Dating Sites Using Lidar Survey in a Mosaic Landscape in Western Belize , 2016, Advances in Archaeological Practice.

[3]  Seth J. Quintus,et al.  Land Use and the Human-Environment Interaction on Olosega Island, Manu'a, American Samoa , 2011 .

[4]  Damian H. Evans,et al.  The landscape of Angkor Wat redefined , 2015, Antiquity.

[5]  Mark D. McCoy,et al.  Wind erosion and intensive prehistoric agriculture: A case study from the Kalaupapa field system, Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i , 2007 .

[6]  Paolo Forlin,et al.  A Generic Toolkit for the Visualization of Archaeological Features on Airborne LiDAR Elevation Data , 2011 .

[7]  Anna Schneider,et al.  A Template‐matching Approach Combining Morphometric Variables for Automated Mapping of Charcoal Kiln Sites , 2015 .

[8]  Kathryn Reese-Taylor,et al.  Boots on the Ground at Yaxnohcah , 2016, Advances in Archaeological Practice.

[9]  Amy E. Thompson,et al.  Lidar-Based Analyses of Anthropogenic Landscape Alterations as a Component of the Built Environment , 2016, Advances in Archaeological Practice.

[10]  Samoan Tia'ave and Social Structure: Methodological and Theoretical Considerations , 1993 .

[11]  Arlen F. Chase,et al.  Geospatial revolution and remote sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican archaeology , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[12]  Jeffrey T. Clark,et al.  Investigating regional patterning in archaeological remains by pairing extensive survey with a lidar dataset: The case of the Manu'a Group, American Samoa , 2015 .

[13]  Benjamin Štular,et al.  Visualization of lidar-derived relief models for detection of archaeological features , 2012 .

[14]  J. Clark,et al.  Between Chaos and Control: Spatial Perception of Domestic, Political, and Ritual Organisation in Prehistoric Samoa , 2012 .

[15]  Rachel Opitz,et al.  Using Airborne LiDAR Survey to explore Historic-era archaeological landscapes of Montserrat in the Eastern Caribbean , 2015 .

[16]  A. Cliff,et al.  The potential of airborne lidar for detection of archaeological features under woodland canopies , 2005, Antiquity.

[17]  Meghan C. L. Howey,et al.  Detecting Precontact Anthropogenic Microtopographic Features in a Forested Landscape with Lidar: A Case Study from the Upper Great Lakes Region, AD 1000-1600 , 2016, PloS one.

[18]  Adrian S Z Chase Beyond elite control: residential reservoirs at Caracol, Belize , 2016 .

[19]  Mark D. McCoy,et al.  Airborne lidar survey of irrigated agricultural landscapes: an application of the slope contrast method , 2011 .

[20]  Mark D. McCoy,et al.  Agricultural potential and actualized development in Hawai’i: an airborne LiDAR survey of the leeward Kohala field system (Hawai’i Island) , 2011 .

[21]  S. Crutchley,et al.  New light on an ancient landscape: lidar survey in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site , 2005, Antiquity.

[22]  Seth J. Quintus,et al.  Terrestrial food production and land use in prehistoric Samoa: an example from Olosega Island, Manu'a, American Samoa , 2012 .

[23]  Seth J. Quintus,et al.  Dynamics of Agricultural Development in Prehistoric Samoa: The Case of Ofu Island , 2015 .

[24]  Katharine M. Johnson,et al.  Rediscovering the lost archaeological landscape of southern New England using airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) , 2014 .

[25]  Settlement Patterns : Social and Ritual Space in Prehistoric Samoa , 2007 .

[26]  Keith C. Clarke,et al.  Bonemapping: a LiDAR processing and visualization technique in support of archaeology under the canopy , 2015 .

[27]  Cerian Gibbes,et al.  LiDAR as a tool for archaeological research: a case study , 2014, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences.

[28]  I. Mcdougall Age of volcanism and its migration in the Samoa Islands , 2010, Geological Magazine.

[29]  William E. Carter,et al.  Ancient Maya Regional Settlement and Inter-Site Analysis: The 2013 West-Central Belize LiDAR Survey , 2014, Remote. Sens..

[30]  W. A. Whistler Botanical inventory of the proposed Ta'u Unit of the National Park of American Samoa , 1992 .

[31]  T. Ladefoged,et al.  In Surplus and in Scarcity: Agricultural Development, Risk Management, and Political Economy on Ofu Island, American Samoa , 2016, American Antiquity.

[32]  A. Knudby,et al.  Automated feature extraction for prospection and analysis of monumental earthworks from aerial LiDAR in the Kingdom of Tonga , 2016 .

[33]  Katharine M. Johnson,et al.  Physical properties and spatial controls of stone walls in the northeastern USA: Implications for Anthropocene studies of 17th to early 20th century agriculture , 2016 .

[34]  Ross A. Hill,et al.  A Comparison of Visualization Techniques for Models Created from Airborne Laser Scanned Data , 2012 .

[35]  Mark D. McCoy,et al.  Archaeological evidence for agricultural development in Kohala, Island of Hawai'i , 2003 .

[36]  Seth J. Quintus,et al.  Space and structure in Polynesia: instantiated spatial logic in American Sāmoa , 2016 .

[37]  T. Hunt,et al.  An Archaeological Survey of the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa , 1988 .