Binary condensation in a supersonic nozzle

We present data from the first systematic studies of binary condensation in supersonic nozzles. The apparatus used to conduct the experiments is described in detail, and the important issues of stability and reproducibility of the experiments are discussed. Experiments were conducted with water, ethanol, propanol, and binary mixtures of these compounds. Onset was determined in the temperature range of 190–215 K, and for each mixture composition the pressures of the condensible species at an onset temperature of 207 K were determined. For the ideal ethanol–propanol mixtures, the onset pressures at constant temperature vary almost linearly between those of the pure components. In contrast the isothermal onset pressures for the nonideal water–ethanol and water–propanol mixtures lie below the straight line joining the pure component values. This large reduction in the total pressure of condensible at onset for the aqueous alcohol mixtures is indicative of a strong mutual enhancement in the particle formation process.

[1]  G. Wilemski,et al.  Small Angle Neutron Scattering from Nanodroplet Aerosols , 1997 .

[2]  F. Peters,et al.  Experimental investigation of binary nucleation rates of water–n‐propanol and water–n‐butanol vapors by means of a pex‐tube , 1996 .

[3]  Y. Viisanen,et al.  Measurement of the molecular content of binary nuclei. Use of the nucleation rate surface for ethanol–hexanol , 1993 .

[4]  F. J. Schelling,et al.  Experimental study of nucleation in vapor mixtures of sulfuric acid and water , 1976 .

[5]  R. Macmillan,et al.  A Saturation Vapor Pressure Equation for Heavy Water , 1979 .

[6]  M. Klein,et al.  Molecular Dynamics Study of Two-Component Systems: The Shape and Surface Structure of Water/Ethanol Droplets , 1997 .

[7]  G. W. Adams,et al.  Binary nucleation of ethanol and water , 1990 .

[8]  B. N. Hale.  NUCLEATION AND ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 2000 , 2000 .

[9]  M. S. El-shall,et al.  Condensation of supersaturated vapors of hydrogen bonding molecules: Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, and glycerol , 1996 .

[10]  D. Oxtoby,et al.  A general relation between the nucleation work and the size of the nucleus in multicomponent nucleation , 1994 .

[11]  Barbara E. Wyslouzil,et al.  Binary nucleation kinetics. I. Self‐consistent size distribution , 1995 .

[12]  A. Nasibulin,et al.  Critical embryo phase transitions in the nucleated binary glycerin carbon dioxide system , 1998 .

[13]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Binary nucleation in acid–water systems. II. Sulfuric acid–water and a comparison with methanesulfonic acid–water , 1991 .

[14]  R. Heist,et al.  Review of Vapor to Liquid Homogeneous Nucleation Experiments from 1968 to 1992 , 1994 .

[15]  G. Wilemski,et al.  Effect of carrier gas pressure on condensation in a supersonic nozzle , 1994 .

[16]  G. Wilemski,et al.  Doppler shift anisotropy in small angle neutron scattering. , 1999, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[17]  J. Katz,et al.  Condensaton of a supersaturated vapor. IV. The homogeneous nucleation of binary mixtures , 1977 .

[18]  J. Ahmed,et al.  Effects of Background Gases on the Homogeneous Nucleation of Vapors. 3 , 1994 .

[19]  G. Stein,et al.  Rayleigh scattering experiments on the formation and growth of water clusters nucleated from the vapor phase , 1972 .

[20]  Y. Viisanen,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF THE MOLECULAR CONTENT OF BINARY NUCLEI. III: USE OF THE NUCLEATION RATE SURFACES FOR THE WATER-N-ALCOHOL SERIES , 1995 .

[21]  M. V. van Dongen,et al.  A pulse-expansion wave tube for nucleation studies at high pressures , 1997 .

[22]  G. Stein,et al.  On the Growth of Steam Droplets Formed in a Laval Nozzle Using both Static Pressure and Light Scattering Measurements , 1978 .

[23]  R. Heist,et al.  The flow diffusion nucleation chamber: A quantitative tool for nucleation research , 1996 .

[24]  P. Wegener,et al.  Homogeneous and binary nucleation: new experimental results and comparison with theory , 1976 .

[25]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Binary nucleation in acid–water systems. I. Methanesulfonic acid–water , 1991 .

[26]  P. C. Kriesels,et al.  Gasdynamic aspects of a modified expansion-shock tube for nucleation and condensation studies , 1993 .

[27]  Y. Viisanen,et al.  The problem of measuring homogeneous nucleation rates and the molecular contents of nuclei progress in the form of nucleation pulse measurements , 1994 .

[28]  R. Lindsay,et al.  Elements of gasdynamics , 1957 .

[29]  M. Kulmala,et al.  An explicit cluster model for binary nuclei in water–alcohol systems , 1991 .

[30]  G. Stein,et al.  Condensation of sulfur hexafluoride in steady supersonic nozzle flow , 1978 .

[31]  F. Peters,et al.  Nucleation and growth rates of homogeneously condensing water vapor in argon from shock tube experiments , 1989 .

[32]  John Aurie Dean,et al.  Lange's Handbook of Chemistry , 1978 .

[33]  P. G. Hill,et al.  Condensation of water vapour during supersonic expansion in nozzles , 1966, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[34]  G. Stein,et al.  Homogeneous nucleation of argon carried in helium in supersonic nozzle flow , 1978 .

[35]  Y. Viisanen,et al.  Measurement of the molecular content of binary nuclei. II. Use of the nucleation rate surface for water–ethanol , 1994 .