Indirect bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma: mechanisms, pharmacology and implications for clinical research.

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), an abnormal increase in airflow limitation following the exposure to a stimulus, is an important pathophysiological characteristic of bronchial asthma. Because of heterogeneity of the airway response to different stimuli, the latter have been divided into direct and indirect stimuli. Direct stimuli cause airflow limitation by a direct action on the effector cells involved in the airflow limitation, while indirect stimuli exert their action essentially on inflammatory and neuronal cells that act as an intermediary between the stimulus and the effector cells. This manuscript reviews the clinical and experimental studies on the mechanisms involved in indirect BHR in patients with asthma. Pharmacological stimuli (adenosine, tachykinins, bradykinin, sodium metabisulphite/sulphur dioxide, and propranolol) as well as physical stimuli (exercise, nonisotonic aerosols, and isocapnic hyperventilation) are discussed. The results of the different direct and indirect bronchial challenge tests are only weakly correlated and are therefore not mutually interchangeable. Limited available data (studies on the effects of allergen avoidance and inhaled corticosteroids) suggest that indirectly acting bronchial stimuli (especially adenosine) might better reflect the degree of airway inflammation than directly acting stimuli. It remains to be established whether monitoring of indirect BHR as a surrogate marker of inflammation (in addition to symptoms and lung function) is of clinical relevance to the long-term management of asthmatic patients. This seems to be the case for the direct stimulus methacholine. More work needs to be performed to find out whether, indirect stimuli are more suitable in asthma monitoring than direct ones. Recommendations on the application of indirect challenges in clinical practice and research will shortly be available from the European Respiratory Society Task Force.

[1]  A. B. Kay,et al.  Allergy and Allergic Diseases , 2001 .

[2]  S. M. Williams,et al.  The Refractory Period , 2001 .

[3]  J. Hankinson,et al.  Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[4]  M. Fujimura,et al.  Effect of leukotriene and thromboxane antagonist on propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[5]  A. Knox,et al.  The effect of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NMMA, on sodium metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction and refractoriness in asthma. , 1999, The European respiratory journal.

[6]  P. Sterk,et al.  Lung function and sputum characteristics of patients with severe asthma during an induced exacerbation by double-blind steroid withdrawal. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[7]  R. Pauwels,et al.  The effects of inhaled fluticasone propionate on metha-choline - And neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. , 1999 .

[8]  P. Geppetti,et al.  Regulation of airway neurogenic inflammation by neutral endopeptidase. , 1998, The European respiratory journal.

[9]  R. Pellegrino,et al.  Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: not just a matter of airway inflammation , 1998, Thorax.

[10]  S. Anderson,et al.  Responsiveness to mannitol in asthmatic subjects with exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[11]  R. Djukanović,et al.  Sputum eosinophilia is more closely associated with airway responsiveness to bradykinin than methacholine in asthma. , 1998, The European respiratory journal.

[12]  L Hendeles,et al.  Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[13]  Fujimura,et al.  Role of tachykinins in distilled water‐induced bronchoconstriction in guinea‐pigs , 1998, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[14]  R. Pauwels,et al.  The effect of the NK2 tachykinin receptor antagonist SR 48968 (saredutant) on neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. , 1998, The European respiratory journal.

[15]  P. Barnes,et al.  Effect of endogenous nitric oxide inhibition on airway responsiveness to histamine and adenosine-5′-monophosphate in asthma , 1998, Thorax.

[16]  J. Bousquet,et al.  Safety of inducing sputum in patients with asthma of varying severity. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[17]  S. Holgate,et al.  Adenosine A2B receptors: a novel therapeutic target in asthma? , 1998, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[18]  H. Magnussen,et al.  Effects of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, ABT-761, on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and urinary LTE4 in asthmatic patients. , 1998, The European respiratory journal.

[19]  G. Bootsma,et al.  Effects of single-dose zileuton on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[20]  A. Fiocchi,et al.  Effect of nedocromil sodium on bronchial hyperreactivity in children with nonatopic asthma. , 1997, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[21]  H. Boushey,et al.  The leukotriene receptor antagonist zafirlukast inhibits sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[22]  W. Ho,et al.  Human monocytes and macrophages express substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[23]  T. Reiss,et al.  Increased urinary excretion of LTE4 after exercise and attenuation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist. , 1997, Thorax.

[24]  E. Israel,et al.  Effect of a novel 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitor, BAYx 1005, on asthma induced by cold dry air. , 1997, Thorax.

[25]  A. Knox,et al.  PGE2 release by bradykinin in human airway smooth muscle cells: involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 induction. , 1997, American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology.

[26]  R. Polosa,et al.  Neutral endopeptidase inhibition with inhaled phosphoramidon: no effect on bronchial responsiveness to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) in asthma. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[27]  S. Anderson,et al.  The effect of inhaling a dry powder of sodium chloride on the airways of asthmatic subjects. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[28]  S. Holgate,et al.  Adenosine bronchoprovocation: a promising marker of allergic inflammation in asthma? , 1997, Thorax.

[29]  P. Ind,et al.  Attenuation of propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction by frusemide. , 1997, Thorax.

[30]  S. Anderson,et al.  A new method for bronchial-provocation testing in asthmatic subjects using a dry powder of mannitol. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[31]  R. Polosa,et al.  Changes in neurokinin A (NKA) airway responsiveness with inhaled frusemide in asthma. , 1997, Thorax.

[32]  C. Maggi.  The effects of tachykinins on inflammatory and immune cells , 1997, Regulatory Peptides.

[33]  S. Holgate,et al.  Differential inhibitory effect of regular inhaled corticosteroid on airway responsiveness to adenosine 5′ monophosphate, methacholine, and bradykinin in symptomatic children with recurrent wheeze , 1997, Pediatric pulmonology.

[34]  T. Çelikel,et al.  Effect of inhaled heparin on adenosine-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. , 1997, International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[35]  R. Polosa,et al.  Activity of inhaled lysine acetylsalicylate (L-ASA) on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics: evidence of contribution of prostaglandins. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[36]  D. Hofer,et al.  Effect of inhaled magnesium sulfate on sodium metabisulfite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. , 1997, Chest.

[37]  E. Wouters,et al.  Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air in asthmatics, measured with forced oscillation technique. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[38]  R. Pauwels,et al.  The effect of ABT-761, a novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, on exercise- and adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[39]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Time course of changes in adenosine 5'-monophosphate airway responsiveness with inhaled heparin in allergic asthma. , 1997, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[40]  A. Foresi,et al.  Effect of inhaled furosemide and cromolyn on bronchoconstriction induced by ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in asthmatic subjects. , 1997, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[41]  S. Anderson,et al.  Effect of inhaled frusemide and oral indomethacin on the airway response to hypertonic saline challenge in asthmatic subjects. , 1997, Thorax.

[42]  C. Jenkins,et al.  Airway responsiveness in asthma: bronchial challenge with histamine and 4.5% sodium chloride before and after budesonide. , 1997, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[43]  H. Mochizuki,et al.  Effect of inhaled indomethacin on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[44]  M. Belvisi.  β‐blocker induced asthma: a role for sensory nerve hyperresponsiveness? , 1996, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[45]  P. Svenningsson,et al.  Adenosine (P1) receptor signalling , 1996 .

[46]  R. Pauwels,et al.  Adenosine receptors involved in the bronchoconstrictor effect of adenosine , 1996 .

[47]  H. Magnussen,et al.  [Tachyphylaxis of airway response to inhaled bradykinin over several days]. , 1996, Pneumologie.

[48]  S. Anderson,et al.  The protective effect of nedocromil sodium and other drugs on airway narrowing provoked by hyperosmolar stimuli: a role for the airway epithelium? , 1996, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[49]  E. Naline,et al.  Evidence for functional tachykinin NK1 receptors on human isolated small bronchi. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[50]  S. Anderson.  Exercise‐induced asthma and the use of hypertonic saline aerosol as a ronchial challenge , 1996 .

[51]  R. Aalbers,et al.  Differences in the effect of allergen avoidance on bronchial hyperresponsiveness as measured by methacholine, adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, and exercise in asthmatic children , 1996, Pediatric pulmonology.

[52]  J. Riedler,et al.  Comparison of bronchial challenge with ultrasonic nebulized distilled water and hypertonic saline in children with mild-to-moderate asthma. , 1996, The European respiratory journal.

[53]  J. Nadel,et al.  Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in bradykinin-induced asthma , 1996, The Lancet.

[54]  M. C. Liu,et al.  Dissociation of bradykinin-induced plasma exudation and reactivity in the peripheral airways. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[55]  I. Pavord,et al.  Comparison of three inhaled non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the airway response to sodium metabisulphite and adenosine 5'-monophosphate challenge in asthma. , 1996, Thorax.

[56]  P. Howarth,et al.  Effect of thromboxane A2-receptor antagonist on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. , 1996, Journal of applied physiology.

[57]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Changes in neurokinin A airway responsiveness with inhaled lysine-acetylsalicylate in asthma. , 1996, The European respiratory journal.

[58]  R. Pauwels,et al.  The effect of inhaled FK224, a tachykinin NK-1 and NK-2 receptor antagonist, on neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[59]  E. Bleecker,et al.  Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm by zileuton: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[60]  K. Shirato,et al.  A neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist improves exercise-induced airway narrowing in asthmatic patients. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[61]  I. Pavord,et al.  The effect of inhaled heparin on bronchial reactivity to sodium metabisulphite and methacholine in patients with asthma. , 1996, The European respiratory journal.

[62]  R. Simmul,et al.  Evidence for opioid modulation and generation of prostaglandins in sulphur dioxide (SO)2-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1996, Thorax.

[63]  S. Anderson.  Exercise-induced asthma and the use of hypertonic saline aerosol as a bronchial challenge. , 1996, Respirology.

[64]  H. Magnussen,et al.  Reproducibility of airway response to inhaled bradykinin and effect of the neurokinin receptor antagonist FK-24 in asthmatic subjects , 1996, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[65]  F. D. de Benedictis,et al.  Cromolyn versus nedocromil: duration of action in exercise-induced asthma in children. , 1995, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[66]  E. Israel,et al.  Effect of chronic 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic subjects. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[67]  P. Howarth,et al.  Cross refractoriness between bradykinin and hypertonic saline challenges in asthma. , 1995, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[68]  G. Bootsma,et al.  Comparison of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate on direct and indirect measurements of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with stable asthma. , 1995, Thorax.

[69]  H. Boushey,et al.  Effect of an NK1 receptor antagonist (CP-99,994) on hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction and cough in male asthmatic subjects. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[70]  D. Postma,et al.  Effects of propranolol inhalation on the diurnal increase in FEV1 and on propranolol airways responsiveness in atopic subjects with asthma. , 1995, Thorax.

[71]  Y. Phillips,et al.  The refractory period after eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation challenge and its effect on challenge technique. , 1995, Chest.

[72]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Inhaled lysine acetylsalicylate (L-ASA) attenuates the bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) in asthmatic subjects. , 1995, The European respiratory journal.

[73]  S. Holgate,et al.  Fatal asthma attack during an inhalation challenge with ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. , 1995, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[74]  E. Naline,et al.  Furosemide inhibits bradykinin-induced contraction of human bronchi: role of thromboxane A2 receptor antagonism. , 1995, European journal of pharmacology.

[75]  E. Naline,et al.  Role of thromboxane A2 in bradykinin-induced human isolated small bronchi contraction. , 1995, European journal of pharmacology.

[76]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Effect of an inhaled neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on baseline airway calibre and bronchial responsiveness to bradykinin in asthma. , 1995, Thorax.

[77]  A. Vatrella,et al.  Effect of ipratropium bromide and/or sodium cromoglycate pretreatment on water-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. , 1995, The European respiratory journal.

[78]  S. Holgate,et al.  Release of mast-cell-derived mediators after endobronchial adenosine challenge in asthma. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[79]  Y. Schwarz,et al.  Changes in sensitivity to methacholine after inhalation with distilled water: the role of the bronchoconstrictive response. , 1995, The European respiratory journal.

[80]  M. Ennis,et al.  Substance P induces histamine release from human pulmonary mast cells , 1995, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[81]  I. Pavord,et al.  A comparison of the effects of inhaled furosemide and ethacrynic acid on sodium-metabisulfite-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with asthma. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[82]  J. Gies,et al.  Bradykinin-induced contraction of human peripheral airways mediated by both bradykinin B2 and thromboxane prostanoid receptors. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[83]  J. D. de Jongste,et al.  Bradykinin-induced contraction of human peripheral airways mediated by both bradykinin beta 2 and thromboxane prostanoid receptors. , 1995, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

[84]  J. Riedler,et al.  Hypertonic saline challenge in an epidemiologic survey of asthma in children. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[85]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Neutral endopeptidase inhibitor thiorphan increases airway narrowing to inhaled sodium metabisulfite in normal subjects. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[86]  R. Pauwels,et al.  Sensory neuropeptides and the human lower airways: present state and future directions. , 1994, The European respiratory journal.

[87]  P. O'Byrne,et al.  Effect of inhaled PGE2 on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[88]  S. Holgate,et al.  Effect of inhaled frusemide on responses of airways to bradykinin and adenosine 5'-monophosphate in asthma. , 1994, Thorax.

[89]  P. Howarth,et al.  Airway effects of local challenge with hypertonic saline in exercise-induced asthma. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[90]  K. Chung,et al.  Inhibition of sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction by frusemide in asthma: role of cyclooxygenase products. , 1994, Thorax.

[91]  C. Jenkins,et al.  Acute effect of sodium cromoglycate on airway narrowing induced by 4.5 percent saline aerosol. Outcome before and during treatment with aerosol corticosteroids in patients with asthma. , 1994, Chest.

[92]  I. Pavord,et al.  Cross refractoriness between sodium metabisulphite and exercise induced asthma. , 1994, Thorax.

[93]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Inhibition of neutral endopeptidase potentiates bronchoconstriction induced by neurokinin A in asthmatic patients , 1994, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[94]  J. Lammers,et al.  The protective effects of ipratropium bromide and terbutaline on distilled water-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1994, Pulmonary pharmacology.

[95]  Y. Iikura,et al.  Comparison of bronchial reactivity to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water, exercise and methacholine challenge test in asthmatic children. , 1994, Annals of allergy.

[96]  K. Chung,et al.  Involvement of tachykinin receptors (NK1 and NK2) in sodium metabisulfite-induced airway effects. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[97]  I. Pavord,et al.  Refractoriness to inhaled sodium metabisulphite in subjects with mild asthma. , 1994, The European respiratory journal.

[98]  E. Naline,et al.  Contractile effects of bradykinin on the isolated human small bronchus. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[99]  A. Zwinderman,et al.  Neutral endopeptidase activity and airway hyperresponsiveness to neurokinin A in asthmatic subjects in vivo. , 1993, The American review of respiratory disease.

[100]  B. O'connor,et al.  Airway hyperresponsiveness: relation to asthma and inflammation? , 1993, Thorax.

[101]  B. Undem,et al.  Pharmacological examination of receptors mediating contractile responses to tachykinins in airways isolated from human, guinea pig and hamster. , 1993, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[102]  P. Geppetti.  Sensory neuropeptide release by bradykinin: mechanisms and pathophysiological implications , 1993, Regulatory Peptides.

[103]  P. Howarth,et al.  Factors determining bradykinin bronchial responsiveness and refractoriness in asthma. , 1993, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[104]  S. Holgate,et al.  The contribution of neurogenic reflexes to hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. , 1993, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[105]  J. Howbert,et al.  Tachykinin receptor antagonists inhibit hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. , 1993, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[106]  S. Anderson,et al.  Different effects of inhaled amiloride and frusemide on airway responsiveness to dry air challenge in asthmatic subjects. , 1993, The European respiratory journal.

[107]  C. Maggi,et al.  Tachykinin receptors and airway pathophysiology. , 1993, The European respiratory journal.

[108]  S. Holgate,et al.  Cross-tachyphylactic airway response to inhaled bradykinin, kallidin and [desArg9]-bradykinin in asthmatic subjects. , 1993, The European respiratory journal.

[109]  A. Mistretta,et al.  The effect of oral terfenadine on neurokinin-A-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1993, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[110]  E. Duiverman,et al.  The effect of an inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) on exercise-induced asthma in children. Dutch CNSLD Study Group. , 1993, The European respiratory journal.

[111]  S. Anderson,et al.  The effect of inhaled frusemide on airway sensitivity to inhaled 4.5% sodium chloride aerosol in asthmatic subjects. , 1993, Thorax.

[112]  S. Anderson,et al.  Airway responsiveness : standardized challenge testing with pharmacological, physical and sensitizing stimuli in adults , 1993 .

[113]  A. Foresi,et al.  Effect of inhaled disodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium on propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1993, Annals of allergy.

[114]  A. Foresi,et al.  Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled propranolol in asthmatic children and adults. , 1993, The European respiratory journal.

[115]  A. Jonzon,et al.  Vagal afferent and reflex responses to changes in surface osmolarity in lower airways of dogs. , 1992, Journal of applied physiology.

[116]  T. Takishima,et al.  Protection against bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients by neurokinin receptor antagonist , 1992, The Lancet.

[117]  R. M. Refini,et al.  Protective activity of inhaled nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on bronchial responsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized water. , 1992, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[118]  S. Anderson,et al.  Nedocromil sodium inhibits the airway response to hyperosmolar challenge in patients with asthma. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[119]  E. Naline,et al.  Effects on the isolated human bronchus of SR 48968, a potent and selective nonpeptide antagonist of the neurokinin A (NK2) receptors. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[120]  J. Lammers,et al.  Effect of inhaled beclomethasone and nedocromil sodium on bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine and distilled water. , 1992, The European respiratory journal.

[121]  I. Pavord,et al.  Inhaled frusemide and exercise induced asthma: evidence of a role for inhibitory prostanoids. , 1992, Thorax.

[122]  S. Anderson,et al.  Inhaled steroids modify bronchial responses to hyperosmolar saline. , 1992, The European respiratory journal.

[123]  P. Barnes,et al.  Greater effect of inhaled budesonide on adenosine 5'-monophosphate-induced than on sodium-metabisulfite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[124]  M. Götz,et al.  Distilled water challenges in asthmatic children. Comparison of different protocols. , 1992, Chest.

[125]  T. Lee,et al.  The effects of indomethacin on the refractory period to hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1992, The European respiratory journal.

[126]  P. Ind,et al.  Inhibition of inhaled metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled frusemide and ipratropium bromide. , 1992, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[127]  E. Riva,et al.  Prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by a new leukotriene antagonist (SK&F 104353). A double-blind study versus disodium cromoglycate and placebo. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[128]  H. Magnussen,et al.  Effects of a thromboxane-receptor antagonist, BAY u 3405, on prostaglandin D2- and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1992, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[129]  P. Sterk,et al.  The effect of an inhaled neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, thiorphan, on airway responses to neurokinin A in normal humans in vivo. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[130]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Protective effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide on bronchoconstriction induced by adenosine and methacholine in asthma. , 1992, The European respiratory journal.

[131]  S. Dahlén,et al.  Isolated bronchi from asthmatics are hyperresponsive to adenosine, which apparently acts indirectly by liberation of leukotrienes and histamine. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[132]  S. Holgate,et al.  Role of leukotrienes in exercise-induced asthma. Inhibitory effect of ICI 204219, a potent leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[133]  S. Holgate,et al.  The relative contributions of histamine and prostanoids to bronchoconstriction provoked by isocapnic hyperventilation in asthma. , 1992, The European respiratory journal.

[134]  J. Seidenberg,et al.  Inhaled frusemide against cold air induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. , 1992, Archives of disease in childhood.

[135]  A. Morton,et al.  Effects of nedocromil sodium, cromolyn sodium, and a placebo in exercise-induced asthma. , 1992, Annals of allergy.

[136]  J. Solway,et al.  Sensory neuropeptides and airway function. , 1991, Journal of applied physiology.

[137]  A. Tattersfield,et al.  Effect of inhaled budesonide on bronchial reactivity to histamine, exercise, and eucapnic dry air hyperventilation in patients with asthma. , 1991, Thorax.

[138]  S. Anderson,et al.  Inhaled clemastine, an H1 antihistamine inhibits airway narrowing caused by aerosols of non-isotonic saline. , 1991, The European respiratory journal.

[139]  N. Choudry,et al.  Action of budesonide on asthmatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Effects on directly and indirectly acting bronchoconstrictors. , 1991, Chest.

[140]  I. Pavord,et al.  Effect of inhaled prostaglandin E2 on bronchial reactivity to sodium metabisulphite and methacholine in patients with asthma. , 1991, Thorax.

[141]  D. Postma,et al.  Dissimilarity in methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate responsiveness 3 and 24 h after allergen challenge. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[142]  S. Anderson,et al.  Characteristics of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in asthma. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[143]  S. Holgate,et al.  The effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide alone and in combination with oral terfenadine on bronchoconstriction provoked by adenosine 5'-monophosphate and histamine in asthma. , 1991, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[144]  A. G. Driver,et al.  Bronchial challenge with adenosine causes the release of serum neutrophil chemotactic factor in asthma. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[145]  T. Stijnen,et al.  Effect of hyperosmolarity on human isolated central airways , 1991, British journal of pharmacology.

[146]  S. Holgate,et al.  Effect of GR32191, a potent thromboxane receptor antagonist, on exercise induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. , 1991, Thorax.

[147]  K. Shiraki,et al.  Substance p-induced cutaneous and bronchial reactions in children with bronchial asthma. , 1991, Annals of allergy.

[148]  F. Castello,et al.  Effect of oral terfenadine on the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled propranolol and histamine in asthmatics , 1991 .

[149]  I. Amirav,et al.  Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by MK-571, a potent leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[150]  P. O'Byrne,et al.  Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by MK-571, a potent leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[151]  Paul H. Rubin,et al.  The effects of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on asthma induced by cold, dry air. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[152]  S. Holgate,et al.  Comparative airway response to inhaled bradykinin, kallidin, and [des-Arg9]bradykinin in normal and asthmatic subjects. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[153]  W. Wiebicke,et al.  Comparison of the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on the airway response to histamine, methacholine, hyperventilation, and sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma. , 1990, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[154]  The time course of bronchoconstriction in asthmatics during and after isocapnic hyperventilation. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[155]  S. Holgate,et al.  Repeated exposure of asthmatic airways to inhaled adenosine 5'-monophosphate attenuates bronchoconstriction provoked by exercise. , 1990, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[156]  K. Chung,et al.  Effect of inhaled furosemide on metabisulfite- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction and nasal potential difference in asthmatic subjects. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[157]  P. Ind,et al.  Inhaled sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate. , 1990, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[158]  S. Holgate,et al.  The influence of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the loss of bronchoconstrictor response to repeated bradykinin challenge in asthma. , 1990, The European respiratory journal.

[159]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Influence of antihistamine (astemizole) and anticholinergic drugs (ipratropium bromide) on bronchoconstriction induced by substance P. , 1990, Annals of allergy.

[160]  F. Castello,et al.  Effect of beclomethasone dipropionate on the bronchial responsiveness to propranolol in asthmatics. , 1990, Chest.

[161]  Y. G. Zhang,et al.  Effect of inhaled preservatives on asthmatic subjects. I. Sodium metabisulfite. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[162]  Y. Ishii,et al.  Hyperventilation stimulates the release of prostaglandin I2 and E2 from lung in humans. , 1990, Prostaglandins.

[163]  S. Holgate,et al.  Inhibition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma by inhaled frusemide. , 1990, The European respiratory journal.

[164]  S. Holgate,et al.  Evidence for the roles of histamine and prostaglandins as mediators in exercise-induced asthma: the inhibitory effect of terfenadine and flurbiprofen alone and in combination. , 1990, The European respiratory journal.

[165]  P. Barnes,et al.  Bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pig in vivo: role of neural mechanisms. , 1990, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[166]  R. Hopp,et al.  Effect of inhaled furosemide on the bronchial response to methacholine and cold-air hyperventilation challenges. , 1990, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[167]  S. Anderson,et al.  Terfenadine modifies airway narrowing induced by the inhalation of nonisotonic aerosols in subjects with asthma. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[168]  E. R. Mcfadden,et al.  Hypothesis: exercise-induced asthma as a vascular phenomenon , 1990, The Lancet.

[169]  S. Holgate,et al.  Contribution of histamine and prostanoids to bronchoconstriction provoked by inhaled bradykinin in atopic asthma , 1990, Allergy.

[170]  B. Laube,et al.  Analysis of refractory period after exercise and eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation challenge. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[171]  S. Anderson,et al.  Inhalational challenge using hypertonic saline in asthmatic subjects: a comparison with responses to hyperpnoea, methacholine and water. , 1990, The European respiratory journal.

[172]  S. Holgate,et al.  The response of plasma histamine to bronchoprovocation with methacholine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and allergen in atopic nonasthmatic subjects. , 1990, The American review of respiratory disease.

[173]  H. Wilkens,et al.  Effects of a PAF-antagonist (BN 52063) on bronchoconstriction and platelet activation during exercise induced asthma. , 1990, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[174]  K. Chung,et al.  Characterisation of bronchoconstrictor responses to sodium metabisulphite aerosol in atopic subjects with and without asthma. , 1989, Thorax.

[175]  W. Pierson,et al.  Terfenadine blockade of exercise-induced bronchospasm. , 1989, Annals of allergy.

[176]  T. Lee,et al.  Airway responsiveness to adenosine 5' monophosphate following inhalation of hypertonic saline. , 1989, The European respiratory journal.

[177]  M. G. Neale,et al.  Dose-response study of nebulised nedocromil sodium in exercise induced asthma. , 1989, Thorax.

[178]  P. Devillier,et al.  Characterization of neurokinin effects and receptor selectivity in human isolated bronchi. , 1989, The American review of respiratory disease.

[179]  S. Holgate,et al.  Inhibition of hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction by terfenadine and flurbiprofen. Evidence for the predominant role of histamine. , 1989, The American review of respiratory disease.

[180]  T. Lee,et al.  Role of histamine release in hypertonic saline induced bronchoconstriction. , 1989, Thorax.

[181]  P. Sly,et al.  Inhalation of hypertonic saline as a bronchial challenge in children with mild asthma and normal children. , 1989, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[182]  P. Ind,et al.  Anticholinergic blockade of beta-blocker-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1989, The American review of respiratory disease.

[183]  P. Barnes,et al.  Bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate. , 1989, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[184]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Effect of indomethacin on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1989, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[185]  S. Holgate,et al.  Nedocromil sodium is more potent than sodium cromoglycate against AMP‐induced bronchoconstriction in atopic asthmatic subjects , 1989, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[186]  L. Boulet,et al.  Comparative efficacy of salbutamol, ipratropium, and cromoglycate in the prevention of bronchospasm induced by exercise and hyperosmolar challenges. , 1989, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[187]  R. Townley,et al.  Comparison of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water and cold-air hyperventilation challenges in asthmatic patients. , 1989, Chest.

[188]  R. Pauwels,et al.  The effect of nedocromil sodium on the bronchoconstrictor effect of neurokinin A in subjects with asthma. , 1989, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[189]  S. Holgate,et al.  The effect of oral terfenadine alone and in combination with flurbiprofen on the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled adenosine 5'-monophosphate in nonatopic asthma. , 1989, The American review of respiratory disease.

[190]  T. Lee,et al.  Airway responses to hypertonic saline, exercise and histamine challenges in bronchial asthma. , 1989, The European respiratory journal.

[191]  M. Robuschi,et al.  Inhaled frusemide is highly effective in preventing ultrasonically nebulised water bronchoconstriction. , 1989, Pulmonary pharmacology.

[192]  S. Anderson,et al.  A comparison between the airway response to isocapnic hyperventilation and hypertonic saline in subjects with asthma. , 1989, The European respiratory journal.

[193]  L. Fasano,et al.  Inhibition of fog-induced bronchoconstriction by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate in intrinsic asthma: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. , 1989, Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases.

[194]  S. Holgate,et al.  Airway refractoriness to adenosine 5'-monophosphate after repeated inhalation. , 1989, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[195]  A. Kagey‐Sobotka,et al.  Adenosine potentiates mediator release from human lung mast cells. , 1988, The American review of respiratory disease.

[196]  M. Robuschi,et al.  PREVENTION OF EXERCISE-INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION BY INHALED FRUSEMIDE , 1988, The Lancet.

[197]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Effect of nedocromil on bronchospasm induced by inhalation of substance P in asthmatic subjects , 1988, Clinical allergy.

[198]  A. Mistretta,et al.  Comparative study of the effects of nedocromil sodium (4 mg) and sodium cromoglycate (10 mg) on adenosine‐induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects , 1988, Clinical allergy.

[199]  R. Pauwels,et al.  Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is not bronchial hyperresponsiveness is not bronchial asthma , 1988, Clinical allergy.

[200]  R. Townley,et al.  Effect of terfenadine on the bronchoconstriction induced by ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. , 1988, Annals of allergy.

[201]  Z. Yan,et al.  Release of multiple tachykinins from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves in the lung by bradykinin, histamine, dimethylphenyl piperazinium, and vagal nerve stimulation. , 1988, The American review of respiratory disease.

[202]  J. Gerritsen,et al.  Propranolol inhalation challenge in relation to histamine response in children with asthma. , 1988, Thorax.

[203]  H. Boushey,et al.  Indomethacin blocks airway tolerance to repetitive exercise but not to eucapnic hyperpnea in asthmatic subjects. , 1988, The American review of respiratory disease.

[204]  W. Eschenbacher,et al.  Mediator release in an isolated airway segment in subjects with asthma. , 1988, The American review of respiratory disease.

[205]  M. Badier,et al.  Attenuation of hyperventilation-induced bronchospasm by terfenadine: a new antihistamine. , 1988, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[206]  R. Townley,et al.  Incorporation and analysis of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water challenges in an epidemiologic study of asthma and bronchial reactivity. , 1988, Annals of allergy.

[207]  M. Robuschi.  Control of the bronchial tone. , 1988, Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases.

[208]  H. Pasterkamp,et al.  Effect of terfenadine on the response to exercise and cold air in asthma , 1988, Pediatric pulmonology.

[209]  R. Pauwels,et al.  The effect of oxitropium bromide on neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. , 1988, Pulmonary pharmacology.

[210]  A. Kagey‐Sobotka,et al.  A comparison of the osmotic activation of basophils and human lung mast cells. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[211]  T. Clark,et al.  A comparison of the refractory periods induced by hypertonic airway challenge and exercise in bronchial asthma. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[212]  S. Holgate,et al.  Effect of oral terfenadine on the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled histamine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate in non-atopic asthma. , 1987, Thorax.

[213]  E. Juniper,et al.  Airway constriction by isocapnic hyperventilation of cold, dry air: comparison of magnitude and duration of protection by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate , 1987, Clinical allergy.

[214]  T. Gordon,et al.  The roles of pH and ionic species in sulfur dioxide- and sulfite-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1987, The American review of respiratory disease.

[215]  R. Pauwels,et al.  Effect of inhaled substance P and neurokinin A on the airways of normal and asthmatic subjects. , 1987, Thorax.

[216]  A new method of inhalation challenge with propranolol: comparison with methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction and role of vagal nerve activity. , 1987, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[217]  A. Foresi,et al.  Provocative dose and dose-response curve to inhaled propranolol in asthmatic patients with bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. , 1987, Chest.

[218]  S. Holgate,et al.  The contribution of histamine to immediate bronchoconstriction provoked by inhaled allergen and adenosine 5' monophosphate in atopic asthma. , 1987, The American review of respiratory disease.

[219]  S. Anderson,et al.  Cromolyn sodium inhibits the increased responsiveness to methacholine that follows ultrasonically nebulized water challenge in patients with asthma. , 1987, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[220]  A. Foresi,et al.  The effect of indomethacin on the refractory period occurring after the inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. , 1987, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[221]  A. Foresi,et al.  Refractory period to ultrasonic mist of distilled water: relationship to methacholine responsiveness, atopic status, and clinical characteristics. , 1987, Annals of allergy.

[222]  M. Robuschi,et al.  Prevention of fog‐induced bronchospasm by nedocromil sodium , 1987, Clinical allergy.

[223]  P. Barnes,et al.  Bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in humans. Mode of action. , 1987, The American review of respiratory disease.

[224]  T. Randolph.  Sulfite sensitivity. , 1987, Annals of allergy.

[225]  S. Anderson,et al.  Methacholine responsiveness increases after ultrasonically nebulized water but not after ultrasonically nebulized hypertonic saline in patients with asthma. , 1987, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[226]  P. König,et al.  The preventive effect and duration of action of nedocromil sodium and cromolyn sodium on exercise-induced asthma (EIA) in adults. , 1987, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[227]  A. Foresi,et al.  Comparison of bronchial responses to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water, exercise, and methacholine in asthma. , 1986, Chest.

[228]  A. Foresi,et al.  Increase in bronchial responsiveness to methacholine and late asthmatic response after the inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. , 1986, Chest.

[229]  E. Bleecker,et al.  Bronchoconstriction induced by distilled water. Sensitivity in asthmatics and relationship to exercise-induced bronchospasm. , 1986, The American review of respiratory disease.

[230]  P. O'Byrne,et al.  The effect of indomethacin on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and refractoriness after exercise. , 1986, The American review of respiratory disease.

[231]  H. Boushey,et al.  Interaction of cromolyn and a muscarinic antagonist in inhibiting bronchial reactivity to sulfur dioxide and to eucapnic hyperpnea alone. , 1986, The American review of respiratory disease.

[232]  D. H. Bryant,et al.  Effect of hypo‐ and hyper‐osmolarity on basophil histamine release , 1986, Clinical allergy.

[233]  S. Anderson,et al.  Hyperosmolarity as the stimulus to asthma induced by hyperventilation? , 1986, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[234]  A. Bundgaard,et al.  EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA , 1978 .

[235]  S. Holgate,et al.  The Effect of Inhaled Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate (AMP) on Airway Calibre in Normal and Asthmatic Subjects , 1986 .

[236]  J. Foreman,et al.  Comparison of the histamine-releasing action of substance P on mast cells and basophils from different species and tissues. , 1986, International archives of allergy and applied immunology.

[237]  P. Ind,et al.  Plasma histamine concentration during propranolol induced bronchoconstriction. , 1985, Thorax.

[238]  H. Sluiter,et al.  Changes in bronchial hyperreactivity induced by 4 weeks of treatment with antiasthmatic drugs in patients with allergic asthma: a comparison between budesonide and terbutaline. , 1985, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[239]  H. Levison,et al.  Comparison of cold air, ultrasonic mist, and methacholine inhalations as tests of bronchial reactivity in normal and asthmatic children. , 1985, The Journal of pediatrics.

[240]  J. Henriksen.  Effect of inhalation of corticosteroids on exercise induced asthma: randomised double blind crossover study of budesonide in asthmatic children. , 1985, British medical journal.

[241]  D. Sheppard,et al.  Respiratory heat loss is not the sole stimulus for bronchoconstriction induced by isocapnic hyperpnea with dry air. , 1985, The American review of respiratory disease.

[242]  S. Anderson,et al.  Increased responsiveness to methacholine and histamine after challenge with ultrasonically nebulised water in asthmatic subjects. , 1985, Thorax.

[243]  K. Patel,et al.  Dose-response effect of sodium cromoglycate pressurised aerosol in exercise induced asthma. , 1985, Thorax.

[244]  I. Bernstein.  Cromolyn sodium* , 1985, Chest.

[245]  S. Holgate,et al.  Adenosine inhibits and potentiates IgE-dependent histamine release from human lung mast cells by an A2-purinoceptor mediated mechanism. , 1984, Biochemical pharmacology.

[246]  H. Schwartz,et al.  Bronchospastic responses to aerosolized metabisulfite in asthmatic subjects: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. , 1984, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[247]  H. Boushey,et al.  Morphine sulfate inhibits bronchoconstriction in subjects with mild asthma whose responses are inhibited by atropine. , 1984, The American review of respiratory disease.

[248]  L. Fabbri,et al.  Comparison of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water and hyperventilation with cold air in asthma. , 1984, Annals of allergy.

[249]  M. Silverman,et al.  Bronchial responsiveness to hyperventilation in children with asthma: inhibition by ipratropium bromide. , 1984, Thorax.

[250]  K. Patel,et al.  Terfenadine in exercise induced asthma. , 1984, British medical journal.

[251]  S. Anderson,et al.  Is there a unifying hypothesis for exercise-induced asthma? , 1984, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[252]  K. P. Van de Woestijne,et al.  Isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air in healthy non-smokers, smokers and asthmatic subjects. , 1984, Bulletin europeen de physiopathologie respiratoire.

[253]  H. Pasterkamp,et al.  Response to cold air hyperventilation in normal and in asthmatic children. , 1984, The Journal of pediatrics.

[254]  H. Boushey,et al.  Alteration in osmolarity of inhaled aerosols cause bronchoconstriction and cough, but absence of a permeant anion causes cough alone. , 1984, The American review of respiratory disease.

[255]  H. Boushey,et al.  Mechanism of cough and bronchoconstriction induced by distilled water aerosol. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[256]  P. O'Byrne,et al.  Bronchoconstriction stimulated by airway cooling. Better protection with combined inhalation of terbutaline sulphate and cromolyn sodium than with either alone. , 1983, The American review of respiratory disease.

[257]  A. F. Henderson,et al.  The bronchial response to cold air challenge: evidence for different mechanisms in normal and asthmatic subjects. , 1983, Thorax.

[258]  L. Fabbri,et al.  Effect of atropine on the bronchial response of asthmatic subjects to the inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water. , 1983, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[259]  H. Boushey,et al.  Tolerance to sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with asthma. , 1983, Environmental research.

[260]  S. Anderson,et al.  Evaluation of ultrasonically nebulised solutions for provocation testing in patients with asthma. , 1983, Thorax.

[261]  A. Morice,et al.  Inhaled adenosine and guanosine on airway resistance in normal and asthmatic subjects. , 1983, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[262]  S. Godfrey,et al.  Refractory period after hyperventilation-induced asthma. , 1983, The American review of respiratory disease.

[263]  M. Robuschi,et al.  Drug effect on bronchial response to PGF2 alpha and water inhalation. , 1983, European journal of respiratory diseases. Supplement.

[264]  M. Silverman,et al.  Hyperventilation-induced asthma: evidence for two mechanisms. , 1982, Thorax.

[265]  H. Boushey,et al.  Dose-dependent inhibition of cold air-induced bronchoconstriction by atropine. , 1982, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[266]  S. Anderson,et al.  Bronchial hyperreactivity in response to inhalation of ultrasonically nebulised solutions of distilled water and saline. , 1981, British medical journal.

[267]  T. Orr,et al.  ROLE OF BRONCHIAL IRRITANT RECEPTORS IN ASTHMA , 1981, The Lancet.

[268]  H. Boushey,et al.  Lower threshold and greater bronchomotor responsiveness of asthmatic subjects to sulfur dioxide. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[269]  E. R. Mcfadden,et al.  Exercise-induced asthma. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[270]  M J Hensley,et al.  Airway effects of respiratory heat loss in normal subjects. , 1980, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[271]  M. Dixon,et al.  THE ACTION OF SODIUM CROMOGLYCATE ON ‘C’ FIBRE ENDINGS IN THE DOG LUNG , 1980, British journal of pharmacology.

[272]  L. Allegra,et al.  Non-specific broncho-reactivity obtained with an ultrasonic aerosol of distilled water. , 1980, European journal of respiratory diseases. Supplement.

[273]  M. Robuschi,et al.  Effects of prostacyclin on aspecifically and specifically induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. , 1980, European journal of respiratory diseases. Supplement.

[274]  S. Godfrey,et al.  The refractory period after exercise-induced asthma: its duration and relation to the severity of exercise. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[275]  N. Thomson,et al.  Sodium cromoglycate and ipratropium bromide in exercise-induced asthma. , 1978, Thorax.

[276]  R. Zeballos,et al.  The role of hyperventilation in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. , 1978, The American review of respiratory disease.

[277]  E. Middleton,et al.  Allergy, principles and practice , 1978 .

[278]  N. Svedmyr,et al.  In vivo and in vitro effect of bradykinin on bronchial motor tone in normal subjects and patients with airways obstruction. , 1973, Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases.

[279]  D. Swift,et al.  Mist therapy reconsidered; an evaluation of the respiratory deposition of labelled water aerosols produced by jet and ultrasonic nebulizers. , 1969, Pediatrics.

[280]  N. Orie,et al.  Reactivity of the bronchial tree to different stimuli. , 1968, Les Bronches.

[281]  R. Panzani,et al.  The effect of inhalations of bradykinin on healthy and atopic (asthmatic) children. , 1968, International archives of allergy and applied immunology.

[282]  J. Nadel,et al.  MECHANISM OF BRONCHOCONSTRICTION DURING INHALATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE. , 1965, Journal of applied physiology.

[283]  J. Whittenberger,et al.  Effects of acute controlled exposure to SO2 on respiratory mechanics in healthy male adults. , 1962, Journal of applied physiology.

[284]  R. Bowen,et al.  Asthmatic children. , 1948, The Journal-lancet.

[285]  H. Herxheimer.  Hyperventilation asthma. , 1946, Lancet.

[286]  A. Gregg.  Distilled Water , 2020, Nature.