Aspects of crystallization fouling

Crystallization fouling or scale formation is temperature dependent, and a degree of supersaturation is required before precipitation occurs. In general, a nucleus is necessary around which crystals can form. The mechanism of crystallization on surfaces is complex, and it is difficult to explain in mathematical terms, although attempts have been made. The paper concludes with a brief review of scale formation under boiling conditions and the deposition of wax crystals from organic liquids.