46 – Acoustic Transduction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses acoustic transduction. The chapter focuses on cellular aspects of acoustic transduction in the auditory periphery. It is mentioned that information on the function of the mammalian cochlea is derived from experiments performed on preparations from the vestibular labyrinth of mammals, birds, and amphibians, and from the cochlea of birds. The chapter discusses several concepts, including inner ear structure of mammals, cell physiology of endolymph homeostasis and cell physiology of acoustic transduction. Cell physiology of endolymph homeostasis further discusses composition, stria vascularis, and outer sulcus epithelium. The cellular bases of hearing in the auditory periphery were described with emphasis on the sensory hair cells and on cells of the stria vascularis. The latter is a complex structure responsible both for the generation of a lumen-positive electrical potential and for the secretion of potassium to an unusually high level in the cochlear lumen. Transduction of sound waves into neural impulses by the hair cells relies on modulation of an electric current carried by potassium flowing through the hair cells. The ion channels, carriers, and pumps in the marginal cell membranes, which accounts for constitutive potassium secretion are described in the chapter. A wide variety of extracellular and cytosolic signaling pathways that regulate the rate of potassium secretion are also described. The specializations of hair cell physiology are discussed, including the transduction channel in the sensory cilia and the highly unusual lateral membrane motors of OHCs. The description of the physiological mechanisms employed by inner ear epithelial cells is related in the chapter to the function of the organ as a whole.

[1]  N. Mori,et al.  The effect of arginine-vasopressin and its analogues upon the endocochlear potential in the guinea pig. , 1989, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[2]  William E. Brownell,et al.  Outer Hair Cell Electromotility and Otoacoustic Emissions , 1990, Ear and hearing.

[3]  P. Wangemann.  Comparison of ion transport mechanisms between vestibular dark cells and strial marginal cells , 1995, Hearing Research.

[4]  A. Irimajiri,et al.  Maxi-K+ channel in plasma membrane of basal cells dissociated from the stria vascularis of gerbils , 1996, Hearing Research.

[5]  W. F. Sewell.  Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission , 1996 .

[6]  P. Wangemann,et al.  K+-induced stimulation of K+ secretion involves activation of the IsK channel in vestibular dark cells , 1996, Hearing Research.

[7]  P. Hamrick,et al.  Ion transport in guinea pig cochlea. I. Potassium and sodium transport. , 1978, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[8]  Corné J. Kros,et al.  Physiology of Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells , 1996 .

[9]  S. Goldstein,et al.  Subunit composition of mink potassium channels , 1995, Neuron.

[10]  D. C. Marcus,et al.  Slowly activating voltage-dependent K+ conductance is apical pathway for K+ secretion in vestibular dark cells. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[11]  M. Sugasawa,et al.  ATP activates non‐selective cation channels and calcium release in inner hair cells of the guinea‐pig cochlea. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[12]  W A Roberts.  Localization of calcium signals by a mobile calcium buffer in frog saccular hair cells , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[13]  H. Ohmori,et al.  Muscarinic agonists and ATP increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in chick cochlear hair cells. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  J F Ashmore,et al.  Ionic currents of outer hair cells isolated from the guinea‐pig cochlea. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[15]  K. Rarey,et al.  Localization of the mineralocorticoid receptor in rat cochlear tissue. , 1996, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[16]  P. Wangemann,et al.  β1-Adrenergic Receptors but not β2-Adrenergic or Vasopressin Receptors Regulate K+ Secretion in Vestibular Dark Cells of the Inner Ear , 1999, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[17]  J. Guinan.  Physiology of Olivocochlear Efferents , 1996 .

[18]  J. Schacht,et al.  P2y purinergic receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in tissues of the cochlear lateral wall , 1995, Neuroreport.

[19]  G. Burnstock,et al.  P2 purinoceptor‐activated inward currents in follicular oocytes of Xenopus laevis. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[20]  D. Bagger-sjöbäck,et al.  Distribution of Na,K-ATPase is normal in the inner ear of a mouse with a null mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor , 1998, Hearing Research.

[21]  A J Hudspeth,et al.  Gating-spring models of mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells of the internal ear. , 1995, Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure.

[22]  J. Simmons.  A view of the world through the bat's ear: The formation of acoustic images in echolocation , 1989, Cognition.

[23]  W. Brownell,et al.  Fine structure of the intracochlear potential field. I. The silent current. , 1990, Biophysical journal.

[24]  Shunji Takeuchi,et al.  Inwardly rectifying K+ currents in intermediate cells in the cochlea of gerbils: a possible contribution to the endocochlear potential , 1998, Neuroscience Letters.

[25]  Jochen Schacht,et al.  Homeostatic Mechanisms in the Cochlea , 1996 .

[26]  P. Dallos,et al.  Effect of acetylcholine and GABA on the transfer function of electromotility in isolated outer hair cells , 1996, Hearing Research.

[27]  P. Fuchs.  Ionic currents in cochlear hair cells , 1992, Progress in Neurobiology.

[28]  J. Ruppersberg,et al.  Expression of a potassium current in inner hair cells during development of hearing in mice , 1998, Nature.

[29]  P. Wangemann,et al.  K+ Secretion in Strial Marginal Cells is Stimulated via β1-Adrenergic Receptors but not via β2-Adrenergic or Vasopressin Receptors , 2000, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[30]  Winfried Denk,et al.  Calcium imaging of single stereocilia in hair cells: Localization of transduction channels at both ends of tip links , 1995, Neuron.

[31]  J. Fritz,et al.  Representation of perceptual dimensions of insect prey during terminal pursuit by echolocating bats. , 1996, The Biological bulletin.

[32]  S. Heinemann,et al.  Inner Ear Defects Induced by Null Mutationof the isk Gene , 1996, Neuron.

[33]  Jochen Schacht,et al.  Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases mediate calcium-induced slow motility of mammalian outer hair cells , 1997, Hearing Research.

[34]  F Jaramillo.  Signal transduction in hair cells and its regulation by calcium , 1995, Neuron.

[35]  T. Tzounopoulos,et al.  Induction of endogenous channels by high levels of heterologous membrane proteins in Xenopus oocytes. , 1995, Biophysical journal.

[36]  P. Wangemann,et al.  Ion transport mechanisms responsible for K+ secretion and the transepithelial voltage across marginal cells of stria vascularis in vitro , 1995, Hearing Research.

[37]  W. Almers,et al.  Calcium-triggered exocytosis and endocytosis in an isolated presynaptic cell: Capacitance measurements in saccular hair cells , 1994, Neuron.

[38]  Robert Patuzzi,et al.  Cochlear Micromechanics and Macromechanics , 1996 .

[39]  S. Kujawa,et al.  Effects of Adenosine 5′-triphosphate and related agonists on cochlear function , 1994, Hearing Research.

[40]  P Dallos,et al.  High-frequency motility of outer hair cells and the cochlear amplifier. , 1995, Science.

[41]  Richard P. Bobbin,et al.  Acetylcholine response in guinea pig outer hair cells. II. Activation of a small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel , 1996, Hearing Research.

[42]  D P Corey,et al.  Kinetics of the receptor current in bullfrog saccular hair cells , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[43]  M. Sanguinetti,et al.  Coassembly of KVLQT1 and minK (IsK) proteins to form cardiac IKS potassium channel , 1996, Nature.

[44]  Philine Wangemann.  Kaliumionensekretion und Entstehung des endokochlearen Potentials in der Stria vascularis , 1997, HNO.

[45]  R. Fettiplace,et al.  Calcium permeation of the turtle hair cell mechanotransducer channel and its relation to the composition of endolymph , 1998, The Journal of physiology.

[46]  P. Tran Ba Huy,et al.  K, Cl, and H2O entry in endolymph, perilymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of the rat. , 1982, The American journal of physiology.

[47]  N Suga,et al.  Principles of auditory information-processing derived from neuroethology. , 1989, The Journal of experimental biology.

[48]  P. Wangemann,et al.  Vestibular dark cells contain the Na + H + exchanger NHE-1 in , 1996, Hearing Research.

[49]  L. Rybak,et al.  Combined effects of adrenalectomy and noise exposure on compound action potentials, endocochlear potentials and endolymphatic potassium concentrations , 1995, Hearing Research.

[50]  C. Hackney,et al.  Mechanotransduction in vertebrate hair cells: structure and function of the stereociliary bundle. , 1995, The American journal of physiology.

[51]  D. M. Freeman,et al.  The osmotic response of the isolated, unfixed mouse tectorial membrane to isosmotic solutions: effect of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentration , 1995, Hearing Research.

[52]  P. Wangemann,et al.  Cell volume control in vestibular dark cells during and after a hyposmotic challenge. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[53]  Jacques Barhanin,et al.  KvLQT1 and IsK (minK) proteins associate to form the IKS cardiac potassium current , 1996, Nature.

[54]  S. Nakanishi,et al.  Cloning of a membrane protein that induces a slow voltage-gated potassium current. , 1988, Science.

[55]  D. C. Marcus,et al.  Evidence for Purinergic Receptors in Vestibular Dark Cell and Strial Marginal Cell Epithelia of Gerbil. , 1995, Auditory neuroscience.

[56]  Hans P. Zenner,et al.  C-type potassium channels in the lateral cell membrane of guinea-pig outer hair cells , 1992, Hearing Research.

[57]  P. Wangemann,et al.  Ion selectivity of volume regulatory mechanisms present during a hypoosmotic challenge in vestibular dark cells. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[58]  P. Wangemann,et al.  Functional evidence for a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) in strial marginal cells and molecular evidence for MCT1 and MCT2 in stria vascularis , 1997, Hearing Research.

[59]  A. J. Hudspeth,et al.  Ionic basis of the receptor potential in a vertebrate hair cell , 1979, Nature.

[60]  Peter G. Gillespie,et al.  Pulling springs to tune transduction: Adaptation by hair cells , 1994, Neuron.

[61]  A. Crawford,et al.  Potassium currents in inner hair cells isolated from the guinea‐pig cochlea. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[62]  Sabine Schmidt,et al.  Audition in echolocating bats , 1993, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[63]  K. Rarey,et al.  Localization of glucocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat cochlea , 1993, The Laryngoscope.

[64]  Peter Dallos,et al.  Neurobiology of cochlear inner and outer hair cells: intracellular recordings , 1986, Hearing Research.

[65]  D. C. Marcus,et al.  K+ and Na+ absorption by outer sulcus epithelial cells , 1999, Hearing Research.

[66]  N. Akaike,et al.  Substance P Decreases the Non‐Selective Cation Channel Conductance in Dissociated Outer Hair Cells of Guinea Pig Cochlea , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[67]  P. Wangemann,et al.  I(sK) Channel in Strial Marginal Cells. Voltage-Dependence, Ion-Selectivity, Inhibition by 293B and Sensitivity to Clofilium. , 1997, Auditory neuroscience.

[68]  D. C. Marcus,et al.  cAMP Increases Apical IsK Channel Current and K+ Secretion in Vestibular Dark Cells , 1997, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[69]  V KOEFOED-JOHNSEN,et al.  The nature of the frog skin potential. , 1958, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[70]  A. Salt,et al.  Mechanisms of endocochlear potential generation by stria vascularis , 1987, The Laryngoscope.

[71]  Matthew C. Holley,et al.  Outer Hair Cell Motility , 1996 .

[72]  B. Attali,et al.  Cytoplasmic and Extracellular IsK Peptides Activate Endogenous K and Cl Channels in Xenopus Oocytes , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[73]  P Dallos,et al.  Stereocilia displacement induced somatic motility of cochlear outer hair cells. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.