Photon Migration in Muscle and Brain

The initial studies of highly scattering biological materials by optical means were made by David Keilin and E.F. Hartree1,2. Using the microspectroscope they observed that the cytochrome absorption bands from various microorganisms, which had been frozen in water or glycerol, were greatly enhanced by micro-recrystallization. Their samples were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and then rewarmed to a temperature at which a “red halo” was visible in the transmitted light. This produced a better definition of cytochrome absorption bands because of increased light scattering. Furthermore, Keilin showed that the low dispersion microspectroscope gave better visualization of cell and tissue absorption bands than did a higher resolution spectrograph.

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