Predictive Operation and Optimal Sizing of Battery Energy Storage With High Wind Energy Penetration

High penetration of wind energy requires fast-acting dispatchable resources to manage energy imbalance in the power grid. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are considered as an essential tool to decrease the power and energy imbalance between the scheduled generation (day ahead forecast) and the actual wind farm output. Control methodology or battery management greatly impacts performance of the ESS. Better performance of BESS reduces the minimum required size of batteries for wind variability mitigation. This paper proposes a novel control method for BESS to fulfill a production commitment. This method, called “predictive controller,” is based on updated forecast data to improve the performance of the energy storage and consequently reduce the required size of energy storage. The Sodium–Sulfur (NaS) type battery is selected for the simulation purposes. Results show that the predictive controller reduces the error (between scheduled generation and actual wind farm output) more than the simple method (also known as minute-by-minute method) and other proposed methods in the literature. Also, a new formulation for the battery lifetime estimation is introduced, and it is used to analyze the impact of the proposed method on the battery lifetime depreciation.