Structural specialization in tendons under compression.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the dynamic characteristic of tendon––the ability of a tendon to modulate its structural and material properties to meet mechanical requirements distinct from the usual need for strength in tension. Tendon performs the mechanical role of transmitting the tensional force generated by contraction of its muscle of origin to the bone upon which it inserts. The histology, biochemistry, and cell biology of regions of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon (deep digital flexor tendon) either subjected to tension or to compression are described in the chapter. The hypothesis that tendon fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix they produce are modulated according to their mechanical requirements is explored. The development of cartilaginous tissue in the region of tendon subjected to compressive forces is genetically programmed. The stimulus to produce large Proteoglycan (PG) is generated by one or more soluble factors that are released under defined conditions and carried systemically to a population of target cells. Many fibroblasts in adult tissue have the capacity to generate a cartilage like tissue.

[1]  G E Kempson,et al.  The tensile properties of the cartilage of human femoral condyles related to the content of collagen and glycosaminoglycans. , 1973, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[2]  W. Akeson.  An experimental study of joint stiffness. , 1961, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[3]  C. ANDREW L. BASSETT,et al.  Influence of Oxygen Concentration and Mechanical Factors on Differentiation of Connective Tissues in vitro , 1961, Nature.

[4]  R. F. Ker.  Dynamic tensile properties of the plantaris tendon of sheep (Ovis aries). , 1981, The Journal of experimental biology.

[5]  K. Campbell,et al.  Proteoglycan synthesis by fibroblast cultures initiated from regions of adult bovine tendon subjected to different mechanical forces. , 1986, European journal of cell biology.

[6]  D. Eyre.  [7] Collagen cross-linking amino acids , 1987 .

[7]  A. Kiiskinen.  Physical training and connective tissues in young mice--physical properties of Achilles tendons and long bones. , 1977, Growth.

[8]  D. Parry,et al.  Collagen fibril diameters and glycosaminoglycan content of skins--indices of tissue maturity and function. , 1984, Connective tissue research.

[9]  Peter Müller,et al.  Relationship between cell shape and type of collagen synthesised as chondrocytes lose their cartilage phenotype in culture , 1977, Nature.

[10]  L. S. Matthews,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of cat tendon: effects of time after death and preservation by freezing. , 1968, Journal of biomechanics.

[11]  T. Koob,et al.  Quantitation of hydroxypyridinium crosslinks in collagen by high-performance liquid chromatography. , 1984, Analytical biochemistry.

[12]  D. Heinegård,et al.  Characterization of proteoglycans from adult bovine tendon. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[13]  P. Rack,et al.  The tendon of flexor pollicis longus: its effects on the muscular control of force and position at the human thumb. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  T. Koob,et al.  Proteoglycan synthesis in organ cultures from regions of bovine tendon subjected to different mechanical forces. , 1987, The Biochemical journal.

[15]  D. Parry,et al.  A role for glycosaminoglycans in the development of collagen fibrils , 1982, FEBS letters.

[16]  P. Rack,et al.  Elastic properties of the cat soleus tendon and their functional importance. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[17]  S. Woo,et al.  Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. II. The relationships of immobilization and exercise on tissue remodeling. , 1982, Biorheology.

[18]  L. Sokoloff,et al.  The effect of serum on monolayer cell culture of mammalian articular chondrocytes. , 1980, Connective tissue research.

[19]  R W Soutas-Little,et al.  Mechanical properties of human tendon and their age dependence. , 1984, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[20]  A. Grodzinsky,et al.  Streaming potentials: A sensitive index of enzymatic degradation in articular cartilage , 1987, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[21]  E. Thonar,et al.  Keratan sulfate is a component of proteoglycans in the compressed region of adult bovine flexor tendon , 1988, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[22]  M. Urist.  Bone: Formation by Autoinduction , 1965, Science.

[23]  D. Heinegård,et al.  The core proteins of large and small interstitial proteoglycans from various connective tissues form distinct subgroups. , 1985, The Biochemical journal.

[24]  S L Woo,et al.  The biomechanical and biochemical properties of swine tendons--long term effects of exercise on the digital extensors. , 1980, Connective tissue research.

[25]  N. Tuross,et al.  Purification and partial characterization of small proteoglycans I and II, bone sialoproteins I and II, and osteonectin from the mineral compartment of developing human bone. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  Henry Eyring,et al.  The Mechanical Properties of Rat Tail Tendon , 1959, The Journal of general physiology.

[27]  T. Koob.  Effects of chondroitinase‐ABC on proteoglycans and swelling properties of fibrocartilage in bovine flexor tendon , 1989, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[28]  D. Mills,et al.  Proteoglycan synthesis by cells cultured from regions of the rabbit flexor tendon. , 1988, Connective Tissue Research.

[29]  P. Benya,et al.  Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels , 1982, Cell.

[30]  J. Scott,et al.  The effect of muscle paralysis on the radial growth of collagen fibrils in developing tendon. , 1987, Clinical science.

[31]  E. H. Harris,et al.  Stress-strain characteristics and tensile strength of unembalmed human tendon. , 1968, Journal of biomechanics.

[32]  A. Glücksmann.  Studies on bone mechanics in vitro. II. The role of tension and pressure in chondrogenesis , 1939 .

[33]  S. Woo,et al.  The connective tissue response to immobility: biochemical changes in periarticular connective tissue of the immobilized rabbit knee. , 1973, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[34]  V C Mow,et al.  The intrinsic tensile behavior of the matrix of bovine articular cartilage and its variation with age. , 1980, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[35]  M. Merrilees,et al.  The proteoglycan content and the axial periodicity of collagen in tendon. , 1977, The Biochemical journal.

[36]  K H Svendsen,et al.  A new clamping and stretching procedure for determination of collagen fiber stiffness and strength relations upon maturation. , 1984, Journal of biomechanics.

[37]  C A Poole,et al.  Analysis of the morphology and function of primary cilia in connective tissues: a cellular cybernetic probe? , 1985, Cell motility.

[38]  T. Barfred,et al.  Experimental rupture of the Achilles tendon. Comparison of experimental ruptures in rats of different ages and living under different conditions. , 1971, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[39]  R. F. Ker,et al.  Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons , 1986 .

[40]  T. Koob,et al.  Site‐related variations in glycosaminoglycan content and swelling properties of bovine flexor tendon , 1987, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[41]  J. Scott,et al.  Proteoglycan-collagen relationships in developing chick and bovine tendons. Influence of the physiological environment. , 1986, Connective tissue research.

[42]  R. Schleyerbach,et al.  Articular Cartilage Biochemistry , 1986 .

[43]  L. Tang,et al.  Isolation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans from mature bovine articular cartilages. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[44]  M. Solursh,et al.  Induction of chondrogenesis in limb mesenchymal cultures by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton , 1984, The Journal of cell biology.

[45]  L. Fisher,et al.  Comparisons of antibody reactivity and enzyme sensitivity between small proteoglycans from bovine tendon, bone, and cartilage. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[46]  M. Merrilees,et al.  Ultrastructural study of tension and pressure zones in a rabbit flexor tendon. , 1980, The American journal of anatomy.

[47]  A. Reddi.  Cell biology and biochemistry of endochondral bone development. , 1981, Collagen and related research.

[48]  Y Lanir,et al.  Histological staining as a measure of stress in collagen fibers. , 1984, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[49]  J. Scott.  Proteoglycan histochemistry--a valuable tool for connective tissue biochemists. , 1985, Collagen and related research.

[50]  D. Rosen,et al.  In vitro induction of cartilage-specific macromolecules by a bone extract , 1983, The Journal of cell biology.

[51]  S. Evanko,et al.  Proteoglycans of fetal bovine tendon. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[52]  F Sachs,et al.  Stretch‐activated single ion channel currents in tissue‐cultured embryonic chick skeletal muscle. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[53]  W. Akeson,et al.  The connective-tissue response to immobility: a study of the chondroitin-4 and 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate changes in periarticular connective tissue of control and immobilized knees of dogs. , 1967, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[54]  S L Woo,et al.  Collagen cross-linking alterations in joint contractures: changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine weeks of immobilization. , 1977, Connective tissue research.

[55]  M. Flint,et al.  The influence of mechanical forces on the glycosaminoglycan content of the rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon. , 1979, Connective tissue research.

[56]  K. An,et al.  Biochemical, histological, and biomechanical analyses of canine tendon , 1987, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[57]  M. Flint,et al.  The effect of tensional load on isolated embryonic chick tendons in organ culture. , 1984, Connective tissue research.

[58]  N L Biggs,et al.  Ultimate tensile strength of fetal and adult human tendons. , 1970, Journal of biomechanics.

[59]  W. Akeson,et al.  THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESPONSE TO IMMOBILITY. TOTAL MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE CHANGES IN DOG TENDON. , 1964, The Journal of surgical research.

[60]  A. Viidik.  The effect of training on the tensile strength of isolated rabbit tendons. , 1967, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[61]  J A Buckwalter,et al.  Injury and repair of the musculoskeletal soft tissues. Savannah, Georgia, June 18–20, 1987 , 1988, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.