Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization.

This two-part article provides an overview of the global burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Part I initially discusses the epidemiologic transition which has resulted in a decrease in deaths in childhood due to infections, with a concomitant increase in cardiovascular and other chronic diseases; and then provides estimates of the burden of cardiovascular (CV) diseases with specific focus on the developing countries. Next, we summarize key information on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and indicate that their importance may have been underestimated. Then, we describe overarching factors influencing variations in CVD by ethnicity and region and the influence of urbanization. Part II of this article describes the burden of CV disease by specific region or ethnic group, the risk factors of importance, and possible strategies for prevention.

[1]  L. Weinehall.  The emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease History and background of the Northern Sweden initiative on cardiovascular disease , 2003, Scandinavian journal of public health. Supplement.

[2]  R. Bonita,et al.  Global health status: two steps forward, one step back , 2000, The Lancet.

[3]  A. Siani,et al.  Increasing evidence for the role of salt and salt-sensitivity in hypertension. , 2000, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[4]  K. Reddy,et al.  The World Heart Federation's white book: impending global pandemic of cardiovascular diseases: challenges and opportunities for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases in developing countries and economies in transition. , 2000, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[5]  Sarah Parish,et al.  Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls , 1999, The Lancet.

[6]  Sonia S Anand.  Using ethnicity as a classification variable in health research: perpetuating the myth of biological determinism, serving socio-political agendas, or making valuable contributions to medical sciences? , 1999, Ethnicity & health.

[7]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Cardiovascular and cancer mortality among Canadians of European, south Asian and Chinese origin from 1979 to 1993: an analysis of 1.2 million deaths. , 1999, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[8]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. , 1999, Circulation.

[9]  P. Whelton,et al.  Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease--a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[10]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Relationship of glucose and insulin levels to the risk of myocardial infarction: a case-control study. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[11]  S. Yusuf,et al.  The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. , 1999, Diabetes care.

[12]  B. Popkin.  The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower-income countries , 1998, Public Health Nutrition.

[13]  M. Mckee,et al.  Huge variation in Russian mortality rates 1984–94: artefact, alcohol, or what? , 1997, The Lancet.

[14]  Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group.  Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) , 1994, The Lancet.

[15]  R Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors , 1994, BMJ.

[16]  D. Barker.  Mothers, Babies and Disease in Later Life , 1994 .

[17]  J. Stengård,et al.  Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase as predictors of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before clinical onset of disease , 1994, The Lancet.

[18]  D. Jamison,et al.  Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries , 1993 .

[19]  J E Keil,et al.  Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. , 1993, Circulation.

[20]  M. Marmot,et al.  Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians , 1991, The Lancet.

[21]  R. Collins,et al.  Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias , 1990, The Lancet.

[22]  J. Neaton,et al.  Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). , 1986, JAMA.

[23]  R F Heller,et al.  How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project. , 1984, British medical journal.

[24]  S. Syme,et al.  Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: demographic, physical, dietary and biochemical characteristics. , 1974, Journal of chronic diseases.

[25]  A. Omran.  The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. , 1971, The Milbank Memorial Fund quarterly.

[26]  THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION , 1954 .

[27]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the study of health assessment and risk in ethnic groups (SHARE). , 2000, Indian heart journal.

[28]  J. Murray,et al.  The Global Burden of Disease , 1996 .

[29]  L. Gallo.  Cardiovascular Disease , 1995, GWUMC Department of Biochemistry Annual Spring Symposia.

[30]  U. Goldbourt,et al.  Genetic factors in coronary heart disease , 1994, Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine.

[31]  R. Lozano,et al.  The epidemiologic transition and health priorities. , 1993 .

[32]  M. Kogevinas,et al.  Socioeconomic status and disease. , 1991, WHO regional publications. European series.

[33]  D. Galton,et al.  Lipids and cardiovascular disease , 1990 .

[34]  M. Kornitzer,et al.  The World Health Organization MONICA Project (Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): A major international Collaboration , 1988 .

[35]  Principal Investigators,et al.  The World Health Organization MONICA project (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): a major international collabaration , 1988 .

[36]  G. Burch.  [Cardiovascular diseases]. , 1956, Revista medica cubana.