Monocular motion sensing, binocular motion perception

The two-process account of motion perception and its binocular organization were addressed in experiments on apparent movement (AM) with three types of grating: sinusoidal; random bar width; and square-wave with missing fundamental (MF). Monocular MF gratings sampled four times per cycle of drift always appeared to move backwards. Here AM was unrelated to the spatial appearance of the pattern, and followed the motion of the dominant spatial frequency component (the third harmonic). We take this reversed AM to be characteristic of "short-range" motion sensors. It did not occur dichoptically, implying that the direction-selective mechanism of motion sensors is purely monocular. AM was seen with dichoptic presentation for all three types of grating. Performance improved with the length of the stimulus sequence, as predicted by probability summation. This result reconciles previous positive and negative findings on dichoptic AM. The perceived direction of dichoptic AM was consistent with polarity-selective matching of features over time (the "long-range process"). The most telling effect supporting feature-matching in dichoptic motion was that dichoptic MF motion reversed direction with a change in the visible features of the pattern (induced by changes in contrast and pulse duration); monocular apparent motion did not. Two routes from spatial frequency channels to the perception of object motion are discussed.

[1]  D J Heeger,et al.  Model for the extraction of image flow. , 1987, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[2]  A. Treisman.  Features and Objects: The Fourteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture , 1988, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[3]  D. Burr,et al.  Receptive field size of human motion detection units , 1987, Vision Research.

[4]  Oliver Braddick,et al.  Apparent motion and the motion detector , 1978 .

[5]  R. Watt,et al.  A theory of the primitive spatial code in human vision , 1985, Vision Research.

[6]  B. Julesz,et al.  Displacement limits for spatial frequency filtered random-dot cinematograms in apparent motion , 1983, Vision Research.

[7]  A J Ahumada,et al.  Model of human visual-motion sensing. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[8]  H. Barlow,et al.  The mechanism of directionally selective units in rabbit's retina. , 1965, The Journal of physiology.

[9]  S. Anstis,et al.  Effects of Luminance and Contrast on Direction of Ambiguous Apparent Motion , 1985, Perception.

[10]  O. Braddick.  A short-range process in apparent motion. , 1974, Vision research.

[11]  Randolph Blake,et al.  Phase effects in monoptic and dichoptic temporal integration: Flicker and motion detection , 1981, Vision Research.

[12]  Campbell Fw,et al.  The appearance of gratings with and without the fundamental Fourier component. , 1971 .

[13]  D Marr,et al.  Theory of edge detection , 1979, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[14]  S. McKee,et al.  Sequential recruitment in the discrimination of velocity. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[15]  M. Georgeson.  Spatial phase dependence and the role of motion detection in monocular and dichoptic forward masking , 1988, Vision Research.

[16]  O. Braddick,et al.  2 TYPES OF RECRUITMENT IN THE DETECTION OF COHERENT MOTION , 1988 .

[17]  B J Rogers,et al.  Illusory Continuous Motion from Oscillating Positive-Negative Patterns: Implications for Motion Perception , 1986, Perception.

[18]  W. C. Shipley,et al.  Beta apparent movement under binocular, monocular and interocular stimulation. , 1945, The American journal of psychology.

[19]  V. Ramachandran,et al.  Apparent movement with subjective contours. , 1973, Vision research.

[20]  W. Reichardt,et al.  Autocorrelation, a principle for the evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system , 1961 .

[21]  M. Georgeson,et al.  Facilitation and masking of briefly presented gratings: Time-course and contrast dependence , 1987, Vision Research.

[22]  M. Georgeson,et al.  The missing fundamental illusion: Variation of spatio-temporal characteristics with dark adaptation , 1977, Vision Research.

[23]  S. Anstis,et al.  Illusory reversal of visual depth and movement during changes of contrast , 1975, Vision Research.

[24]  C. Baker,et al.  The basis of area and dot number effects in random dot motion perception , 1982, Vision Research.

[25]  E. Adelson,et al.  Phenomenal coherence of moving visual patterns , 1982, Nature.

[26]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Temporal and spatial characteristics of the upper displacement limit for motion in random dots , 1984, Vision Research.

[27]  D. Regan,et al.  Disparity Detectors in Human Depth Perception: Evidence for Directional Selectivity , 1973, Science.

[28]  B Julesz,et al.  Cooperative and non-cooperative processes of apparent movement of random-dot cinematograms. , 1985, Spatial vision.

[29]  E H Adelson,et al.  Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[30]  G. Legge.  Sustained and transient mechanisms in human vision: Temporal and spatial properties , 1978, Vision Research.

[31]  K Prazdny,et al.  What Variables Control (Long-Range) Apparent Motion? , 1986, Perception.

[32]  D Marr,et al.  Directional selectivity and its use in early visual processing , 1981, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[33]  S. Anstis,et al.  Phi movement as a subtraction process. , 1970, Vision research.

[34]  M. G. Harris,et al.  The perception of moving stimuli: A model of spatiotemporal coding in human vision , 1986, Vision Research.

[35]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Mechanisms of human motion perception revealed by a new cyclopean illusion. , 1986, Science.

[36]  A. Pantle,et al.  Using low-level filters to encode spatial displacements of visual stimuli. , 1985, Spatial vision.

[37]  A Pantle,et al.  A multistable movement display: evidence for two separate motion systems in human vision. , 1976, Science.

[38]  S. Anstis.  The perception of apparent movement. , 1980, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[39]  Curtis L. Baker,et al.  Eccentricity-dependent scaling of the limits for short-range apparent motion perception , 1985, Vision Research.

[40]  George Mather,et al.  Luminance change generates apparent movement: Implications for models of directional specificity in the human visual system , 1984, Vision Research.

[41]  S. Anstis,et al.  After Effect of Seen Movement: Evidence for Peripheral and Central Components , 1970, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[42]  P Cavanagh,et al.  A Moving Display Which Opposes Short-Range and Long-Range Signals , 1985, Perception.

[43]  J. van Santen,et al.  Elaborated Reichardt detectors. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[44]  O J Braddick,et al.  Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion. , 1980, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[45]  M. Cynader,et al.  Neurones in cat parastriate cortex sensitive to the direction of motion in three‐dimensional space , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[46]  V. Ramachandran,et al.  Motion capture anisotropy , 1987, Vision Research.