Sex, gender identity, gender role attitudes, and consumer behavior

This article identifies differences between sex, gender identity, and gender role attitudes. Using measures of these constructs, data were collected in a field study of Christmas shopping behaviors. Alternative measurement and multivariate regression models were estimated. The results showed the models best fit the data when the measures were specified as reflecting unique rather than common gender constructs. The measures also each explained significant incremental variance in different shopping behaviors. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[1]  K. Deaux,et al.  Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. , 1987 .

[2]  A. Eagly,et al.  Sex of researchers and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: A meta-analysis of social influence studies , 1981 .

[3]  S. Bem.  The measurement of psychological androgyny. , 1974, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[4]  D. Cheal.  The Gift Economy , 1988 .

[5]  Judith A. Hall.  Gender Effects in Decoding Nonverbal Cues , 1978 .

[6]  Dennis L. Rosen,et al.  A Developmental Study of Family Financial Management Practices , 1986 .

[7]  L. Golden,et al.  Sex-typed Product Images: the Effects of Sex, Sex Role Self-Concept and Measurement Implications , 1980 .

[8]  J. J. F. Sherry.  Gift Giving in Anthropological Perspective , 1983 .

[9]  Karl G. Jöreskog,et al.  Lisrel 8: User's Reference Guide , 1997 .

[10]  Elizabeth C. Hirschman,et al.  People as Products: Analysis of a Complex Marketing Exchange , 1987 .

[11]  W. Qualls.  Household Decision Behavior: The Impact of Husbands' and Wives' Sex Role Orientation , 1987 .

[12]  T. Caplow.  Christmas Gifts and Kin Networks , 1982 .

[13]  T. O'Brien,et al.  Masculinity and Femininity Factors in Product Perception and Self Image , 1978 .

[14]  P. Vitz,et al.  MASCULINITY OF SMOKERS AND THE MASCULINITY OF CIGARETTE IMAGES. , 1965, The Journal of applied psychology.

[15]  Weber Je,et al.  Joint Home Purchasing Decisions by Husbands and Wives , 1975 .

[16]  H. L. Davis,et al.  Dimensions of Marital Roles in Consumer Decision Making , 1970 .

[17]  D. Hempel.  Family Buying Decisions: A Cross-Cultural Perspective , 1974 .

[18]  Verling C. Troldahl,et al.  Random Selection of Respondents within Households in Phone Surveys , 1964 .

[19]  J. Gentry,et al.  Gender Schema Theory As a Predictor of Ad Recall , 1984 .

[20]  Joan Meyers-Levy,et al.  The Influence of Sex Roles on Judgment , 1988 .

[21]  Donald B. Rubin,et al.  Further meta-analytic procedures for assessing cognitive gender differences. , 1982 .

[22]  J. N. Fry,et al.  Personality Variables and Cigarette Brand Choice , 1971 .

[23]  Dennis L. Rosen,et al.  Determinants of Role Structure in Family Financial Management , 1983 .

[24]  Joan Meyers-Levy,et al.  Priming Effects on Product Judgments: A Hemispheric Interpretation , 1989 .

[25]  H. L. Davis,et al.  Perception of Marital Roles in Decision Processes , 1974 .

[26]  Elizabeth H. Wolgast.  Do Husbands or Wives Make the Purchasing Decisions? , 1958 .

[27]  J. Scanzoni.  Sex Roles, Economic Factors, and Marital Solidarity in Black and White Marriages. , 1975 .

[28]  R. Helmreich,et al.  Masculinity & femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents , 1978 .

[29]  R. Green,et al.  Feminine Role Perception and Family Purchasing Decisions , 1975 .

[30]  P. O'Connor,et al.  Gender Role Portrayals in Advertising: an Individual Differences Analysis , 1985 .

[31]  E. Arnould.  Toward a Broadened Theory of Preference Formation and the Diffusion of Innovations: Cases from Zinder Province, Niger Republic , 1989 .

[32]  S. Douglas,et al.  Cross-National Comparisons and Consumer Stereotypes: A Case Study of Working and Non-Working Wives in the U.S. and France , 1976 .

[33]  E. Maccoby,et al.  The Psychology of Sex Differences , 1974 .

[34]  Eric J. Arnould,et al.  “My Favorite Things”: A Cross-Cultural Inquiry into Object Attachment, Possessiveness, and Social Linkage , 1988 .

[35]  Isabella C. M. Cunningham,et al.  Societal Development and Family Purchasing Roles: A Cross-National Study , 1983 .

[36]  Acceptance by Males of Feminine Products , 1971 .

[37]  M. Roberts.  Gender Differences and Household Decision-Making: Needed Conceptual and Methodological Developments , 1984 .

[38]  Barbara Stern.  Sex-role self-concept measures and marketing: A research note , 1988 .

[39]  P. Homer,et al.  Androgyny and Midday Mastication: Do Real Men Eat Quiche? , 1985 .

[40]  D. E. Frable,et al.  Sex typing and gender ideology: two facets of the individual's gender psychology that go together. , 1989, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

[41]  P. Mott,et al.  Consumer Decisions in the Metropolitan Family , 1956 .

[42]  John Scanzoni,et al.  Family Decision-Making: A Developmental Sex Role Model , 1981 .

[43]  V. Zeithaml.  The New Demographics and Market Fragmentation , 1985 .

[44]  Joan Meyers-Levy,et al.  Gender Differences in the Use of Message Cues and Judgments , 1991 .

[45]  J. R. Brent Ritchie,et al.  Joint Purchasing Decisions: A Comparison of Influence Structure in Family and Couple Decision-Making Units , 1980 .

[46]  Bernd H. Schmitt,et al.  Sex Typing and Consumer Behavior: A Test of Gender Schema Theory , 1988 .

[47]  A. Venkatesh.  Changing Roles of Women—A Life-Style Analysis , 1980 .

[48]  C. Sherif,et al.  Needed Concepts in the Study of Gender Identity , 1982 .

[49]  L. Golden,et al.  The Role of Sex Role Self-Concept in Masculine and Feminine Product Perceptions , 1979 .

[50]  L. Aiken.  The Relationships of Dress to Selected Measures of Personality in Undergraduate Women , 1963 .

[51]  C. M. Schaninger,et al.  The relationship of sex‐role norms to household task allocation , 1985 .

[52]  S. Arnold,et al.  More than a Labor of Love: Gender Roles and Christmas Gift Shopping , 1990 .