The effects of trust and constructive controversy on student achievement and attitude in online cooperative learning environments

This study explored effective strategies in online cooperative learning.It examined the relative effects of trust and constructive controversy.Trust is more effective than constructive controversy for student achievement.Trust is more effective than constructive controversy for student attitude.Trust is more effective for improving two components of student attitude. This study investigated the effects of trust and constructive controversy on student achievement and attitude in online cooperative learning environments. Students in one university course were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups after they took part in a common initial workshop on general cooperative learning skills. The "trust" and the "constructive controversy" groups received subsequent associated skills training. The overall results indicated that after each group received the treatment during online cooperative group activities, the "trust" groups had significantly higher achievement than the "constructive controversy" groups. In addition, the "trust" groups had significantly more positive attitudes toward online cooperative learning than the "constructive controversy" groups. Specifically, using "trust" building strategies was significantly more effective than using "constructive controversy" strategies for improving the 'openness and sharing' and 'acceptance and support' components of student attitudes in online cooperative learning environments.

[1]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Learning Together and Alone. Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning. Fourth Edition. , 1991 .

[2]  Heather Kanuka,et al.  Barriers to online critical discourse , 2007, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[3]  Robert Fox,et al.  Raising Young Children: Parental Perceptions , 1994 .

[4]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams , 1999 .

[5]  L. Davis,et al.  Selection and use of content experts for instrument development. , 1997, Research in nursing & health.

[6]  Daniel Bodemer,et al.  Supporting controversial CSCL discussions with augmented group awareness tools , 2007, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[7]  George M. Jacobs,et al.  PART I: COOPERATIVE LEARNING AND SECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS , 2006 .

[8]  Kristin Walker.  Activity Systems and Conflict Resolution in an Online Professional Communication Course , 2004 .

[9]  Maxine G Alterio,et al.  Learning Through Storytelling in Higher Education: Using Reflection and Experience to Improve Learning , 2003 .

[10]  Thomas A. O'Neill,et al.  Examining the “Pros” and “Cons” of Team Conflict: A Team-Level Meta-Analysis of Task, Relationship, and Process Conflict , 2013 .

[11]  Pieter J. Beers,et al.  Coercing shared knowledge in collaborative learning environments , 2006, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[12]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Conflict in the Classroom: Controversy And Learning , 1979 .

[13]  Barbara J. Millis,et al.  Cooperative learning in higher education : across the disciplines, across the academy , 2010 .

[14]  Roger T. Johnson,et al.  Restorative Justice in the Classroom: Necessary Roles of Cooperative Context, Constructive Conflict, and Civic Values , 2012 .

[15]  James D. Klein,et al.  Type of Positive Interdependence and Affiliation Motive in an Asynchronous, Collaborative Learning Environment , 2006 .

[16]  Gavin T. L. Brown,et al.  Accuracy in the scoring of writing: Studies of reliability and validity using a New Zealand writing assessment system , 2004 .

[17]  J. Janssen,et al.  Task-related and social regulation during online collaborative learning , 2012 .

[18]  Denise Polit-O'Hara,et al.  Nursing Research: Principles and Methods , 1978 .

[19]  Pilar Ripoll,et al.  Relationship, task and process conflicts on team performance , 2009 .

[20]  Linda A. Macaulay,et al.  Modeling individual trust development in computer mediated collaboration: A comparison of approaches , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[21]  C. Axtell,et al.  Virtual Teams: Collaborating across Distance , 2005 .

[22]  Chau-kiu Cheung,et al.  Social-cognitive factors of donating money to charity, with special attention to an international relief organization , 2000 .

[23]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[24]  Linda A. Macaulay,et al.  Exploring Individual Trust Factors in Computer Mediated Group Collaboration: A Case Study Approach , 2014 .

[25]  Robert J. Marzano,et al.  A Comparison of Selected Methods of Scoring Classroom Assessments , 2002 .

[26]  S. Lui,et al.  Asset specificity roles in interfirm cooperation: Reducing opportunistic behavior or increasing cooperative behavior? ☆ , 2009 .

[27]  Hanna Järvenoja,et al.  Emotion control in collaborative learning situations: do students regulate emotions evoked by social challenges? , 2009, The British journal of educational psychology.

[28]  D. Gefen,et al.  E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust , 2000 .

[29]  M. Jenkins,et al.  Evaluating the effectiveness of digital storytelling for student reflection , 2007 .

[30]  Kenneth J. Dunn,et al.  Three Approaches to Cooperative Learning in Higher Education , 2017 .

[31]  Berner Lindström,et al.  A relational, indirect, meso-level approach to CSCL design in the next decade , 2006, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[32]  M. Lynn.  Determination and quantification of content validity. , 1986, Nursing research.

[33]  C. Cooper,et al.  International review of industrial and organizational psychology , 1986 .

[34]  Syed Tahir Hijazi,et al.  Mediating effect of constructive controversy: Team personality composition and team performance , 2012 .

[35]  N. L. Chervany,et al.  Initial Trust Formation in New Organizational Relationships , 1998 .

[36]  Kay M. Nelson,et al.  International Conference on Information Systems ( ICIS ) 1993 THE CONTRIBUTION OF SHARED KNOWLEDGE TO IS GROUP PERFORMANCE , 2017 .

[37]  Ronald D. Zellner,et al.  The relative effects of positive interdependence and group processing on student achievement and attitude in online cooperative learning , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[38]  Elizabeth R. Lenz Rn PhD Faan,et al.  Measurement in Nursing and Health Research , 2004 .

[39]  John K. Butler,et al.  Communication Factors and Trust: An Exploratory Study , 1994 .

[40]  Gijsbert Erkens,et al.  Mediating team effectiveness in the context of collaborative learning: The importance of team and task awareness , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[41]  K. Dirks.  The effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance. , 1999, The Journal of applied psychology.

[42]  G. Glass,et al.  Statistical methods in education and psychology , 1970 .

[43]  Cary J. Roseth,et al.  Effects of face-to-face and computer-mediated constructive controversy on social interdependence, motivation, and achievement. , 2011 .

[44]  Vicente Peñarroja,et al.  The effects of virtuality level on task-related collaborative behaviors: The mediating role of team trust , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[45]  Chun-Ming Chang,et al.  Knowledge sharing behavior in virtual communities: The relationship between trust, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[46]  Cheryl Tatano Beck,et al.  The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. , 2006, Research in nursing & health.

[47]  K. Jehn.  A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in , 1997 .

[48]  Susan G. Straus,et al.  All in due time: The development of trust in computer-mediated and face-to-face teams , 2006 .

[49]  Mats Daniels,et al.  Constructive controversy as a way to create "true collaboration" in an open ended group project setting , 2010, ACE '10.

[50]  W. Doise.  The social development of the intellect , 1984 .

[51]  Jeannie L. Johnson,et al.  Setting the Stage for Trust and Strategic Integration in Japanese-U.S. Cooperative Alliances , 1996 .

[52]  Blair H. Sheppard,et al.  Business on a handshake , 1992 .

[53]  Annelies E. M. Van Vianen,et al.  Managing relationship conflict and the effectiveness of organizational teams , 2001 .

[54]  David W. Johnson,et al.  The State of Cooperative Learning in Postsecondary and Professional Settings , 2007 .

[55]  Megan Tschannen-Moran,et al.  A Multilevel Examination of the Distribution and Effects of Teacher Trust in Students and Parents in Urban Elementary Schools , 2001, The Elementary School Journal.

[56]  Anne Gerdes,et al.  Revealing preconditions for trustful collaboration in CSCL , 2010, Int. J. Comput. Support. Collab. Learn..

[57]  S. Hunt,et al.  The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing , 1994 .

[58]  D. Garrison,et al.  Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education , 2001 .

[59]  Murray S. Jensen,et al.  Impact of Positive Interdependence During Electronic Quizzes on Discourse and Achievement , 2002 .

[60]  D. Tjosvold.  The conflict‐positive organization: it depends upon us , 2008 .

[61]  Karen A. Card,et al.  Effective pedagogical practices for online teaching: Perception of experienced instructors , 2009, Internet High. Educ..

[62]  G. Glass,et al.  Statistical methods in education and psychology, 3rd ed. , 1996 .

[63]  D. Chauvel,et al.  Chapter 11 – Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances , 2000 .

[64]  Kui Xie,et al.  Toward a social conflict evolution model: Examining the adverse power of conflictual social interaction in online learning , 2013, Comput. Educ..

[65]  A. Gregory,et al.  Adolescent Trust in Teachers: Implications for Behavior in the High School Classroom , 2008 .

[66]  Gabriel Mugny,et al.  Individual and collective conflicts of centrations in cognitive development , 1979 .

[67]  Joanne Roberts.  From Know-how to Show-how? Questioning the Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Knowledge Transfer , 2000 .

[68]  D. Hallfors,et al.  Fidelity of implementation in a treatment effectiveness trial of Reconnecting Youth. , 2006, Health education research.

[69]  L. Zucker.  Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840–1920. , 1986 .

[70]  David Gefen,et al.  Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities , 2002, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[71]  Catherine Durnell Cramton,et al.  Relationships among geographic dispersion, team processes, and effectiveness in software development work teams , 2005 .

[72]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Creative Controversy: Intellectual Challenge in the Classroom , 1992 .

[73]  Heng-Yu Ku,et al.  Collaboration factors, teamwork satisfaction, and student attitudes toward online collaborative learning , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[74]  Akbar Zaheer,et al.  Trust as an Organizing Principle Bill McEvily , 2003 .