Immune‐mediated dormancy: an equilibrium with cancer

This brief review discusses the role of the immune system in tumor development, covering a history of cancer immunity and a summary of the concept of cancer immunoediting, including its three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. The latter half of this review then focuses specifically on the equilibrium phase, making note of previous work, suggesting that immunity might maintain cancer in a dormant state, and concluding with a description of a tractable mouse model unequivocally demonstrating that immunity can indeed hold preformed cancer in check. These findings form a framework for future studies aimed at validating immune‐mediated cancer dormancy in humans with the hopes of devising new, immunotherapeutic strategies to treat established cancer.

[1]  K. Weinhold,et al.  The tumor dormant state. , 1981, Advances in cancer research.

[2]  T. Tada,et al.  Relapse of stage I small cell lung cancer ten or more years after the start of treatment. , 2006, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[3]  O. Stutman.  Immunodepression and malignancy. , 1975, Advances in cancer research.

[4]  J. Briggs,et al.  The incidence of late recurrence (greater than 10 years); an analysis of 536 consecutive cases of cutaneous melanoma. , 1989, British journal of plastic surgery.

[5]  R. Schreiber,et al.  Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape , 2002, Nature Immunology.

[6]  R. Schreiber,et al.  Enhanced in vivo growth and resistance to rejection of tumor cells expressing dominant negative IFN gamma receptors. , 1994, Immunity.

[7]  D. Miller,et al.  The tumor dormant state. Comparison of L5178Y cells used to establish dormancy with those that emerge after its termination , 1979, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[8]  D J Ferguson,et al.  Dormancy of mammary carcinoma after mastectomy. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[9]  A. Sagalowsky,et al.  Solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the contralateral adrenal gland 22 years after nephrectomy. , 1999, Urology.

[10]  A. Matsuzawa,et al.  Survival of leukemic cells in a dormant state following cyclophosphamide‐induced cure of strongly immunogenic mouse leukemia (DL811) , 1991, International journal of cancer.

[11]  F. Delmonico,et al.  FIRST REPORT OF THE UNITED NETWORK FOR ORGAN SHARING TRANSPLANT TUMOR REGISTRY: DONORS WITH A HISTORY OF CANCER1 , 2000, Transplantation.

[12]  F. Locatelli,et al.  Emergence of antitumor cytolytic T cells is associated with maintenance of hematologic remission in children with acute myeloid leukemia. , 2006, Blood.

[13]  J. Trapani,et al.  Perforin-Mediated Cytotoxicity Is Critical for Surveillance of Spontaneous Lymphoma , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[14]  Robert D. Schreiber,et al.  Interferons, immunity and cancer immunoediting , 2006, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[15]  Julio A. Aguirre.  Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy , 2007 .

[16]  Carlos Cordon-Cardo,et al.  Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas , 2007, Nature.

[17]  R. Levy,et al.  Anti-idiotype antibodies can induce long-term complete remissions in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma without eradicating the malignant clone. , 1998, Blood.

[18]  Tanja Fehm,et al.  Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Breast Cancer Dormancy , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[19]  K. Foucar,et al.  Acute myeloid leukemia of donor origin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for precursor T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Case report and review of the literature , 2006, American journal of hematology.

[20]  Y. Moshel,et al.  Tumor‐cell vaccination induces tumor dormancy in a murine model of B‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL1) , 1996, International journal of cancer.

[21]  R. Schreiber,et al.  Demonstration of an interferon γ-dependent tumor surveillance system in immunocompetent mice , 1998 .

[22]  Josef M. Penninger,et al.  Spontaneous tumor rejection by cbl-b–deficient CD8+ T cells , 2007, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[23]  K. Weinhold,et al.  The tumor dormant state. Quantitation of L5178Y cells and host immune responses during the establishment and course of dormancy in syngeneic DBA/2 mice , 1979, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[24]  G. Schlimok,et al.  Disseminated cytokeratin positive tumor cells in the bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer: detection and prognostic value. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[25]  Philip Lijnzaad,et al.  An expression profile for diagnosis of lymph node metastases from primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas , 2005, Nature Genetics.

[26]  J. Dichgans,et al.  Relapse of primary CNS lymphoma after more than 10 years in complete remission , 2005, Journal of Neurology.

[27]  W. Marks,et al.  Transplant tumor registry: donor related malignancies , 2002, Transplantation.

[28]  R. Schreiber,et al.  IFNγ and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity , 2001, Nature.

[29]  Rosalba Miceli,et al.  Time distribution of the recurrence risk for breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy: Further support about the concept of tumor dormancy , 2005, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[30]  Lunli Yuan,et al.  Adoptive immunotherapy prevents prostate cancer in a transgenic animal model , 1999, European journal of immunology.

[31]  G. Bastert,et al.  Enrichment of memory T cells and other profound immunological changes in the bone marrow from untreated breast cancer patients , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[32]  P. Scherle,et al.  Targeting the mechanisms of tumoral immune tolerance with small-molecule inhibitors , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[33]  F. Gounari,et al.  EblacZ tumor dormancy in bone marrow and lymph nodes: active control of proliferating tumor cells by CD8+ immune T cells. , 1998, Cancer research.

[34]  J. Uhr,et al.  Cancer dormancy: lessons from a B cell lymphoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. , 2007, Advances in cancer research.

[35]  W. Ellis,et al.  Telomerase activity in disseminated prostate cancer cells , 2006, BJU international.

[36]  M. Smyth,et al.  Immune surveillance of tumors. , 2007, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[37]  D. Felsher,et al.  Tumor Dormancy: Death and Resurrection of Cancer As Seen through Transgenic Mouse Models , 2006, Cell cycle.

[38]  R. Scheuermann,et al.  Cancer dormancy. VII. A regulatory role for CD8+ T cells and IFN-gamma in establishing and maintaining the tumor-dormant state. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[39]  Lloyd J. Old,et al.  Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state , 2007, Nature.

[40]  P. Beckhove,et al.  Maintenance of long‐term tumour‐specific T‐cell memory by residual dormant tumour cells , 2005, Immunology.

[41]  Y. W. Huang,et al.  Tumor dormancy and cell signaling. V. Regrowth of the BCL1 tumor after dormancy is established. , 1997, Blood.

[42]  J. Aguirre-Ghiso,et al.  Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy , 2007, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[43]  R. Schreiber,et al.  The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. , 2004, Immunity.

[44]  O. Stutman.  Tumor Development after 3-Methylcholanthrene in Immunologically Deficient Athymic-Nude Mice , 1974, Science.

[45]  R. Schreiber,et al.  The three Es of cancer immunoediting. , 2004, Annual review of immunology.