Viral infection arrests coccolithophore calcification and nutrient consumption, and triggers shifts in organic stoichiometry

Blooms of the dominant coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi are routinely infected by a specific lytic virus (EhV), which rapidly kills host cells triggering bloom termination and organic and inorganic carbon export. However, the impact of EhV on the dynamic of resource acquisition and cellular stoichiometry remains unknown, limiting the current understanding of the ecological and biogeochemical significance of E. huxleyi blooms. To tackle this knowledge gap, we used algal and EhV cultures to determine over the course of infections the dynamics of alkalinity, modulated by calcification, nitrate and phosphate consumption and organic matter stoichiometry. We found that within 24hr alkalinity concentration stabilized and nutrient uptake declined to background levels. In parallel, the stoichiometric ratio of carbon to nitrogen increased and the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio declined. These variations likely resulted from lipid accumulation required for viral replication and the differential retention of phosphorus-rich macromolecular pools in decaying cells, respectively. Finally, during post-infection and decline of the host population, a progressive enrichment in phosphorus relative to nitrogen and carbon was measured, detected in the remaining cell lysates. We estimate that this stoichiometric shift is driven by the accumulation of heterotrophic bacteria involved in the degradation of organic material. Viral-mediated cell remodeling and consequent shifts in biomass stoichiometry likely impacts the patterns of nutrient cycling and biological carbon pump efficiency during large-scale blooms in the oceans.