Culture and concepts of power.

Five studies indicate that conceptualizations of power are important elements of culture and serve culturally relevant goals. These studies provide converging evidence that cultures nurture different views of what is desirable and meaningful to do with power. Vertical individualism is associated with a conceptualization of power in personalized terms (i.e., power is for advancing one's personal status and prestige), whereas horizontal collectivism is associated with a conceptualization of power in socialized terms (i.e., power is for benefiting and helping others). Cultural variables are shown to predict beliefs about appropriate uses of power, episodic memories about power, attitudes in the service of power goals, and the contexts and ways in which power is used and defended. Evidence for the cultural patterning of power concepts is observed at both the individual level and the cultural-group level of analysis.

[1]  H. Triandis.  Individualism and Collectivism , 2018 .

[2]  A. Kaikati,et al.  Values as Predictors of Judgments and Behaviors: The Role of Abstract and Concrete Mindsets , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[3]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Bringing Values Back In The Adequacy of the European Social Survey to Measure Values in 20 Countries , 2008 .

[4]  Derek D. Rucker,et al.  Desire to Acquire: Powerlessness and Compensatory Consumption , 2008 .

[5]  James H. Liu,et al.  “Remembering” World War II and Willingness to Fight , 2008 .

[6]  Gavan J. Fitzsimons,et al.  AUTOMATIC EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOMORPHIZED OBJECTS ON BEHAVIOR , 2008 .

[7]  Leigh Thompson,et al.  The role of the self-concept and the social context in determining the behavior of power holders: self-construal in intergroup versus dyadic dispute resolution negotiations. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[8]  K. Shi,et al.  Interpersonal Relationship and Lay Third Parties' Side-Taking Preference , 2007 .

[9]  Craig K. Enders,et al.  Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: a new look at an old issue. , 2007, Psychological methods.

[10]  Ying-yi Hong,et al.  Social Psychology of Culture , 2006 .

[11]  Claudio Barbaranelli,et al.  Personality and Politics: Values, Traits, and Political Choice , 2006 .

[12]  Lucy Taylor.  Client-ship and Citizenship in Latin America , 2004 .

[13]  Peter B. Smith.  Nations, Cultures, and Individuals , 2004 .

[14]  Shalom H. Schwartz,et al.  Values and Behavior: Strength and Structure of Relations , 2003, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[15]  Joe C Magee,et al.  From power to action. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  B. Woike,et al.  Implicit and Explicit Motives Influence Accessibility to Different Autobiographical Knowledge , 2003, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[17]  Ying-Yi Hong,et al.  Boundaries of Cultural Influence , 2003 .

[18]  E. Burnstein,et al.  Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies , 2003 .

[19]  Deborah H. Gruenfeld,et al.  Power, approach, and inhibition. , 2003, Psychological review.

[20]  V. Benet‐Martínez,et al.  The Interplay Of Cultural Syndromes And Personality In Predicting Life Satisfaction , 2003 .

[21]  S. Shavitt,et al.  Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values , 2002 .

[22]  L. Cortina,et al.  Coping in context: sociocultural determinants of responses to sexual harassment. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  D. Moore,et al.  Cognitions and behavior in asymmetric social dilemmas: a comparison of two cultures. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[24]  Frederick T. L. Leong,et al.  Validity Ofvertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism in Singapore , 2002 .

[25]  N. Sriram,et al.  Interrelationships among Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism, Modesty, and Self-Enhancement , 2002 .

[26]  Bernadette Park,et al.  When power does not corrupt: superior individuation processes among powerful perceivers. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[27]  V. Benet‐Martínez,et al.  Consumption symbols as carriers of culture: a study of Japanese and Spanish brand personality constructs. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[28]  G. Hofstede.  Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations , 2001 .

[29]  J. Bargh,et al.  Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[30]  Javier Auyero.  Poor People’s Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita , 2000 .

[31]  M. Rohan.  A Rose by Any Name? The Values Construct , 2000 .

[32]  C. Chiu,et al.  Multicultural minds. A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[33]  S. Fiske,et al.  Power Can Bias Impression Processes: Stereotyping Subordinates by Default and by Design , 2000 .

[34]  K Sokolowski,et al.  Assessing Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Motives All at Once: The Multi-Motive Grid (MMG) , 2000, Journal of personality assessment.

[35]  D. Strunk,et al.  Distinguishing between fundamental dimensions of individualism–collectivism:: relations to sociopolitical attitudes and beliefs , 1999 .

[36]  Shigehiro Oishi,et al.  The Measurement of Values and Individualism-Collectivism , 1998 .

[37]  D. Hofmann,et al.  Centering Decisions in Hierarchical Linear Models: Implications for Research in Organizations , 1998 .

[38]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[39]  D. Chan.  Functional Relations among Constructs in the Same Content Domain at Different Levels of Analysis: A Typology of Composition Models , 1998 .

[40]  H. Triandis,et al.  Scenarios for the Measurement of Collectivism and Individualism , 1998 .

[41]  H. Markus,et al.  The Cultural Psychology of Personality , 1998 .

[42]  Katrina L. Bledsoe,et al.  Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[43]  D. Trafimow,et al.  The Effects of Language and Priming on the Relative Accessibility of the Private Self and the Collective Self , 1997 .

[44]  H. Triandis.  The Psychological Measurement of Cultural Syndromes. , 1996 .

[45]  Fons Trompenaars,et al.  National Culture and the Values of Organizational Employees , 1996 .

[46]  M. Gelfand,et al.  Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement , 1995 .

[47]  B. Woike,et al.  Most-memorable experiences: evidence for a link between implicit and explicit motives and social cognitive processes in everyday life , 1995 .

[48]  B. Malle,et al.  Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. , 1994 .

[49]  L. Peñaloza.  Atravesando Fronteras/Border Crossings: A Critical Ethnographic Exploration of the Consumer Acculturation of Mexican Immigrants , 1994 .

[50]  F. Pratto,et al.  Racism and Support of Free-Market Capitalism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis , 1993 .

[51]  A. Fiske.  The four elementary forms of sociality: framework for a unified theory of social relations. , 1992, Psychological review.

[52]  N. Feather,et al.  Values, Valences, Expectations, and Actions , 1992 .

[53]  D. Winter.  Motivation and personality: A revised scoring system for the power motive , 1992 .

[54]  D. Winter.  Motivation and personality: Power motivation revisited , 1992 .

[55]  E. Higgins,et al.  Handbook of motivation and cognition : foundations of social behavior , 1991 .

[56]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. , 1990 .

[57]  N. Feather,et al.  Values, valences, and course enrollment: Testing the role of personal values within an expectancy-valence framework. , 1988 .

[58]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Toward A Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values , 1987 .

[59]  D. McAdams.  Experiences of intimacy and power: Relationships between social motives and autobiographical memory. , 1982 .

[60]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[61]  J. W. Whiting,et al.  Children of Six Cultures: A Psycho-Cultural Analysis , 1975 .

[62]  D. Winter.  The power motive. , 1974 .

[63]  C. Edwards,et al.  A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Sex Differences in the Behavior of Children Aged Three Through 11 , 1973 .

[64]  D. Mcclelland,et al.  Human Motivation: A Book of Readings , 1973 .

[65]  R. Brislin.  Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research , 1970 .

[66]  David C. McClelland,et al.  A cross-cultural study of folk-tale content and drinking. , 1966, Sociometry.

[67]  Dorwin Cartwright,et al.  Studies in Social Power. , 1960 .

[68]  L. Cronbach,et al.  Psychological tests and personnel decisions , 1958 .

[69]  Hean Tat Keh,et al.  Cultural symbolism of brands , 2010 .

[70]  B. Loken,et al.  Brands and brand management : contemporary research perspectives , 2010 .

[71]  C. Chiu,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Motivated Response Styles : The Role of Cultural Values , Regulatory Focus , and Self-Consciousness in Socially Desirable Responding , 2009 .

[72]  M. Brewer,et al.  Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. , 2007, Psychological review.

[73]  S. Shavitt,et al.  What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding? , 2006, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[74]  J. Gill.  Hierarchical Linear Models , 2005 .

[75]  Heather M. Coon,et al.  Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[76]  M. Bond.  Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede's ecological analysis--a 20-year odyssey: comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[77]  S. Fiske.  Effects of power on bias: Power explains and maintains individual, group, and societal disparities. , 2001 .

[78]  T. Chartrand,et al.  From Moses to Marcos: Individual differences in the use and abuse of power. , 2001 .

[79]  B. Boneva,et al.  Power motivation and motivation to help others. , 2001 .

[80]  M. Snyder,et al.  Getting what they came for: How power influences the dynamics and outcomes of interpersonal interaction. , 2001 .

[81]  John A. Bargh,et al.  The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives on the causes of corruption. , 2001 .

[82]  V. Ramaswamy,et al.  Effects of Brand Local and Nonlocal Origin on Consumer Attitudes in Developing Countries , 2000 .

[83]  M. Gelfand,et al.  Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism , 1998 .

[84]  Susan T. Fiske,et al.  Situational Power and Interpersonal Dominance Facilitate Bias and Inequality , 1998 .

[85]  H. Markus,et al.  Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[86]  S. Fiske,et al.  Controlling other people. The impact of power on stereotyping. , 1993, The American psychologist.

[87]  Alfons Trompenaars,et al.  Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business , 1993 .

[88]  S. Schwartz.  Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries , 1992 .

[89]  Charles P. Smith.  Motivation and personality: Name Index , 1992 .

[90]  H. Markus,et al.  Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , 1991 .

[91]  D. Winter.  The power motive in women―and men , 1988 .

[92]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[93]  M. Clark,et al.  Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. , 1979 .

[94]  E. Wanner.  Power and inhibition: a revision of the magical potency theory , 1972 .

[95]  D. Mcclelland.  The Drinking man , 1972 .