Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis

Level 1: Evidence obtained from systematic reviews of all relevant randomized controlled trials. Level 2: Evidence derived from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial. Level 3: Evidence from a well-designed control trial without randomization; or from well-designed cohort or case–control analytical studies; preferably from more than one center or research group; or from multiple time series with or without intervention. Level 4: Opinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or reports of expert committees.This level signifies the need for further research. The final document was prepared and submitted to the Secretary General of OMGE for final scrutiny prior to publication for the World Congress of Gastroenterology. At the congress the recommendations were presented and questions and comments noted. These comments were incorporated into the final guidelines where appropriate.

[1]  R. Isenmann,et al.  [Antibiotic use in necrotizing pancreatitis. Results of a controlled study]. , 2008, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift.

[2]  M. Winslet,et al.  Vascular complications of pancreatitis. , 2004, JOP : Journal of the pancreas.

[3]  Myung-Hwan Kim,et al.  Idiopathic acute pancreatitis. , 2003, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[4]  前原 正明,et al.  食道癌術後Immediate Enteral Nutritionにおける投与量増加の影響について , 2003 .

[5]  S. L. Triester,et al.  Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. , 2002, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[6]  P. Garg,et al.  Incidence, spectrum and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial infections among patients with acute pancreatitis , 2001, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[7]  H. Paajanen,et al.  Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis—a single-center randomized study , 2001, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[8]  M. Tandon,et al.  Endoscopic ultrasound in idiopathic acute pancreatitis , 2001, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[9]  L. Somogyi,et al.  Recurrent acute pancreatitis: an algorithmic approach to identification and elimination of inciting factors. , 2001, Gastroenterology.

[10]  J. Neoptolemos,et al.  Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of a platelet activating factor antagonist, lexipafant, in the treatment and prevention of organ failure in predicted severe acute pancreatitis , 2001, Gut.

[11]  Mark C. Wilson Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM , 2001, ACP Journal Club.

[12]  T. Wilson,et al.  What are the risks of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[13]  R. Carmona-Sánchez,et al.  Potential harmful effect of iodinated intravenous contrast medium on the clinical course of mild acute pancreatitis. , 2000, Archives of surgery.

[14]  H. Friess,et al.  Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Treatment Strategy According to the Status of Infection , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[15]  H. Friess,et al.  Fluconazole Penetration into the Pancreas , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[16]  R. Carter,et al.  Nasogastric feeding in severe acute pancreatitis may be practical and safe , 2000, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[17]  J. Neoptolemos,et al.  Early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: a multicentre study , 2000, The Lancet.

[18]  P. Garg,et al.  Stimulation of Gallbladder by Intravenous Infusion of Amino Acid: A New Method to Obtain Duodenal Bile for Bile Analyses , 2000, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[19]  Y. Umeno,et al.  Development of colonic necrosis following severe acute pancreatitis. , 2000, Internal medicine.

[20]  A. Siriwardena,et al.  High early mortality rate from acute pancreatitis in Scotland, 1984–95 , 2000, The British journal of surgery.

[21]  A. Siriwardena,et al.  Bacterial infection and extent of necrosis are determinants of organ failure in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis , 2000, The British journal of surgery.

[22]  V. Sharma,et al.  Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[23]  S. Evans,et al.  High early mortality rate from acute pancreatitis in Scotland, 1984–1995 , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[24]  S. Bank,et al.  Causes of acute and recurrent pancreatitis. Clinical considerations and clues to diagnosis. , 1999, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[25]  J. Norman,et al.  The potential role of therapeutic cytokine manipulation in acute pancreatitis. , 1999, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[26]  B. Rau,et al.  Bacterial infection and extent of necrosis are determinants of organ failure in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[27]  W. Uhl,et al.  A randomised, double blind, multicentre trial of octreotide in moderate to severe acute pancreatitis , 1999, Gut.

[28]  P. Francioli,et al.  Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[29]  M. Sarr,et al.  Fungal infection in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[30]  A. Borgström,et al.  Incidence, aetiology and mortality rate of acute pancreatitis over 10 years in a defined urban population in Sweden , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[31]  T. Baron,et al.  Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia infection in necrotizing pancreatitis , 1999, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[32]  M. Good Acute Pain , 1999, Annual Review of Nursing Research.

[33]  C. Bassi,et al.  Controlled clinical trial of pefloxacin versus imipenem in severe acute pancreatitis. , 1998, Gastroenterology.

[34]  A. Nowak,et al.  Biliary Pancreatitis Needs Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography with Endoscopic Sphincterotomy for Cure , 1998, Endoscopy.

[35]  Faizi A. Siddiqi,et al.  Role of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: A meta-analysis , 1998, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[36]  M. Reynaert,et al.  Is Early Enteral Nutrition in Acute Pancreatitis Dangerous? About 20 Patients Fed by an Endoscopically Placed Nasogastrojejunal Tube , 1998, Pancreas.

[37]  G. Glazer,et al.  United Kingdom guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis , 1998, Gut.

[38]  Leandro,et al.  Meta‐analysis of somatostatin, octreotide and gabexate mesilate in the therapy of acute pancreatitis , 1998, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[39]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis , 1998, Gut.

[40]  J. Söreide,et al.  Management of necrotizing pancreatitis by repeated operative necrosectomy using a zipper technique. , 1998, American journal of surgery.

[41]  J. Neoptolemos,et al.  Choledocholithiasis and gallstone pancreatitis. , 1997, Bailliere's clinical gastroenterology.

[42]  J. Kehagias,et al.  Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: Results of a randomized prospective trial , 1997, The British journal of surgery.

[43]  M. Sarr,et al.  ERCP‐Induced Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Is It a More Severe Disease? , 1997, Pancreas.

[44]  J. Baillie Rapid measurement of urinary trypsinogen-2 as a screening test for acute pancreatitis. , 1997, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[45]  J. E. Dill Symptom Resolution or Relief after Cholecystectomy Correlates Strongly with Positive Combined Endoscopic Ultrasound and Stimulated Biliary Drainage , 1997, Endoscopy.

[46]  Chr.,et al.  Frequency and risk factors of recurrent pain during refeeding in patients with acute pancreatitis: a multivariate multicentre prospective study of 116 patients. , 1997, Gut.

[47]  J. Baillie Treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  R. Lüdtke,et al.  Early ERCP and papillotomy compared with conservative treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis. The German Study Group on Acute Biliary Pancreatitis. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[49]  R. Burns,et al.  Serum amylase and lipase in the evaluation of acute abdominal pain. , 1996, The American surgeon.

[50]  A. Mariani,et al.  Gabexate for the prevention of pancreatic damage related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Gabexate in digestive endoscopy--Italian Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[51]  J. Kollias,et al.  Division of the sphincter of Oddi for treatment of dysfunction associated with recurrent pancreatitis , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[52]  T. Yzet,et al.  Prophylactic Antibiotics in Treatment of Severe Acute Alcoholic Pancreatitis , 1996, Pancreas.

[53]  H. Friess,et al.  Antibiotics in Acute Pancreatitis , 1996 .

[54]  Gates Lk,et al.  A retrospective analysis of the effect of contrast-enhanced CT on the outcome of acute pancreatitis. , 1996, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[55]  W. Creutzfeldt,et al.  Morbidity and mortality in 602 patients with acute pancreatitis seen between the years 1980-1994. , 1996, Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie.

[56]  N. Stollman,et al.  Pancreatic Fungal Infections: A Case Report and Review of the Literature , 1996, Pancreas.

[57]  U. Stenman,et al.  Urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip for acute pancreatitis , 1996, The Lancet.

[58]  P. D. Webster,et al.  Clinical assessment of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. , 1995, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[59]  V. Valtonen,et al.  Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis , 1995, The Lancet.

[60]  L. Formela,et al.  Randomized, double‐blind phase II trial of Lexipafant, a platelet‐activating factor antagonist, in human acute pancreatitis , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[61]  A. Kingsnorth,et al.  Panniculitis, arthritis and pancreatitis. , 1995, British journal of rheumatology.

[62]  C. R. Welbourn,et al.  Endoscopic sphincterotomy without cholecystectomy for gall stone pancreatitis. , 1995, Gut.

[63]  J. Lange,et al.  Controlled Clinical Trial of Selective Decontamination for the Treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis , 1995, Annals of surgery.

[64]  A. Shenkin,et al.  The Relationship Between Pancreatic Enzyme Release and Activation and the Acute‐Phase Protein Response in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis , 1995, Pancreas.

[65]  S. Dutta,et al.  Study of prevalence, severity, and etiological factors associated with acute pancreatitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. , 1995, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[66]  L. Gates,et al.  Restrospecitve analysis of the effect of contrast enhanced CT on the outcome of acute pancreatitis , 1995 .

[67]  H. Buhr,et al.  Intravenous Contrast Medium Aggravates the Impairment of Pancreatic Microcirculation in Necrotizing Pancreatitis in the Rat , 1995, Annals of surgery.

[68]  M. Laato,et al.  Serum tumour necrosis factor compared with C‐reactive protein in the early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[69]  M. SoledadDonosoFlores,et al.  Retinopathy as a systemic complication of acute pancreatitis. , 1995 .

[70]  E. vanSonnenberg,et al.  Imaging and intervention in acute pancreatitis. , 1994, Radiology.

[71]  P. Lankisch,et al.  Pleural effusions: a new negative prognostic parameter for acute pancreatitis. , 1994, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[72]  A. Banerjee,et al.  Multicentre audit of death from acute pancreatitis , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[73]  F. Kasmin,et al.  Endoscopic sphincterotomy for biliary pancreatitis: an alternative to cholecystectomy in high-risk patients. , 1994, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[74]  C. Bassi Infected pancreatic necrosis , 1994, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[75]  D. Rattner,et al.  Intravenous contrast medium impairs oxygenation of the pancreas in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the rat. , 1994, Archives of surgery.

[76]  R. Ammann,et al.  Progression of alcoholic acute to chronic pancreatitis. , 1994, Gut.

[77]  A. Benini,et al.  Behavior of antibiotics during human necrotizing pancreatitis , 1994, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[78]  M. Lamy,et al.  The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[79]  H. Reber,et al.  Clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. , 1993, Pancreas.

[80]  C. Bassi,et al.  Gabexate mesilate vs aprotinin in human acute pancreatitis (GA.ME.P.A.) , 1993, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[81]  I. Nordback,et al.  Pancreatitis in Finland between 1970 and 1989. , 1993, Gut.

[82]  E. Bradley A fifteen year experience with open drainage for infected pancreatic necrosis. , 1993, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[83]  P. Freeny Incremental dynamic boles computed tomography of acute pancreatitis , 1993, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[84]  C. Bassi,et al.  Prospective comparison of C‐reactive protein level, Ranson score and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography in the prediction of septic complications of acute pancreatitis , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[85]  C. Bassi,et al.  A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem. , 1993, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[86]  P. Malfertheiner,et al.  Gabexate mesilate in human acute pancreatitis , 1993 .

[87]  Marino Wd,et al.  Acute painless pancreatitis as a rare complication in Legionnaires disease. , 1993 .

[88]  C. Lo,et al.  Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[89]  W. Knaus,et al.  Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. , 1992, Chest.

[90]  R. Pezzilli,et al.  Serum pancreatic enzyme assays in acute abdomen: a comparative prospective study. , 1992, The Italian journal of gastroenterology.

[91]  S. Lee,et al.  Biliary sludge as a cause of acute pancreatitis. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[92]  C. Brú,et al.  Occult microlithiasis in 'idiopathic' acute pancreatitis: prevention of relapses by cholecystectomy or ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. , 1991, Gastroenterology.

[93]  E. Moore,et al.  Immediate enteral nutrition following multisystem trauma: a decade perspective. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[94]  K. Miles,et al.  Rapid‐bolus contrast‐enhanced dynamic computed tomography in acute pancreatitis: A prospective study , 1991, The British journal of surgery.

[95]  C. Scheibenbogen,et al.  Elevation of serum interleukin-6 concentration precedes acute-phase response and reflects severity in acute pancreatitis. , 1991, Gastroenterology.

[96]  D. Martin,et al.  Risks of leaving the gallbladder in situ after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones , 1991, The British journal of surgery.

[97]  R. Kozarek,et al.  Endoscopic transpapillary therapy for disrupted pancreatic duct and peripancreatic fluid collections. , 1991, Gastroenterology.

[98]  Freeny Pc Angio-CT: diagnosis and detection of complications of acute pancreatitis. , 1991 .

[99]  P. Banks Infected necrosis: morbidity and therapeutic consequences. , 1991, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[100]  P. Lankisch,et al.  Undetected fatal acute pancreatitis: why is the disease so frequently overlooked? , 1991, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[101]  F. van Lente,et al.  Diagnostic and prognostic utility of phospholipase A activity in patients with acute pancreatitis: comparison with amylase and lipase. , 1991, Clinical chemistry.

[102]  Grendell Jh Idiopathic acute pancreatitis. , 1990, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[103]  W. Ra,et al.  The clinical significance of fluid collections in acute pancreatitis. , 1990 .

[104]  K. Messmer,et al.  Pancreatic ischaemia in experimental acute pancreatitis: Mechanism, significance and therapy , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[105]  M. McMahon,et al.  Dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography: a precise technique for identifying and localising pancreatic necrosis. , 1990, BMJ.

[106]  K. Messmer,et al.  Therapeutic Effect of Isovolemic Hemodilution with Dextran 60 on the Impairment of Pancreatic Microcirculation in Acute Biliary Pancreatitis , 1990, Annals of surgery.

[107]  D L Robinson,et al.  Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. , 1990, Radiology.

[108]  B. Austen,et al.  Trypsinogen activation peptides assay in the early prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis , 1990, The Lancet.

[109]  E. Bradley Antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Current status and future directions. , 1989, American journal of surgery.

[110]  W. Murray,et al.  Endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones in patients with intact gallbladders , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[111]  S. D. Lee,et al.  Serum amylase, isoamylase, and lipase in the acute abdomen. Their diagnostic value for acute pancreatitis. , 1989, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[112]  R. Rice,et al.  Gastrointestinal complications of pancreatitis. , 1989, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[113]  J. Neoptolemos,et al.  CONTROLLED TRIAL OF URGENT ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY AND ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY VERSUS CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT FOR ACUTE PANCREATITIS DUE TO GALLSTONES , 1988, The Lancet.

[114]  D. Wagner,et al.  Gallstone pancreatitis: a prospective randomized trial of the timing of surgery. , 1988, Surgery.

[115]  C. Imrie,et al.  Deaths from acute pancreatitis: why do we miss the diagnosis so frequently? , 1988, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[116]  L. Traverso,et al.  Infected pancreatic fluid collections: percutaneous catheter drainage. , 1988, Radiology.

[117]  H. Rinderknecht Fatal pancreatitis, a consequence of excessive leukocyte stimulation? , 1988, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[118]  P. Banks,et al.  Early diagnosis of pancreatic infection by computed tomography-guided aspiration. , 1987, Gastroenterology.

[119]  M. Tanaka,et al.  The long-term fate of the gallbladder after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Complete follow-up study of 122 patients. , 1987, American journal of surgery.

[120]  A. Smith,et al.  Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: a proposed sequence of biochemical investigations. , 1987, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[121]  P. Malfertheiner,et al.  Serum elastase 1 in inflammatory pancreatic and gastrointestinal diseases and in renal insufficiency. A comparison with other serum pancreatic enzymes , 1987, International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology.

[122]  P. Malfertheiner,et al.  Identification of pancreas necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis: imaging procedures versus clinical staging. , 1986, Gut.

[123]  M. Büchler,et al.  Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. , 1986, Gastroenterology.

[124]  P. ...,et al.  Diagnostic Procedures in Pancreatic Disease , 1986, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[125]  A. Warshaw,et al.  Massive arterial hemorrhage in patients with pancreatitis. Complementary roles of surgery and transcatheter occlusive techniques. , 1986, Archives of surgery.

[126]  Thomson,et al.  Sphincter of Oddi motility disorders in patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[127]  E. Draper,et al.  APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system , 1985, Critical care medicine.

[128]  R. Williamson,et al.  Acute pancreatitis: a lethal disease of increasing incidence. , 1985, Gut.

[129]  G. Aranha,et al.  The association of primary hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. , 1985, The American surgeon.

[130]  A. Axon,et al.  Operations upon the biliary tract in patients with acute pancreatitis: aims, indications and timing. , 1984, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[131]  D. Dreiling,et al.  Physiopathogenic basis of alcoholic pancreatitis: the effects of elevated cholinergic tone and increased "pancreon" ecbolic response to CCK-PZ. , 1983, The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York.

[132]  R. Jeffrey,et al.  Computed tomography of pancreatic abscesses. , 1981, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[133]  S. van der Spuy Endoscopic Sphincterotomy in the Management of Gallstone Pancreatitis , 1981, Endoscopy.

[134]  T. Kelly Gallstone pancreatitis: the timing of surgery. , 1980, Surgery.

[135]  C. Sugawa,et al.  Value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in pancreatic ascites. , 1979, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[136]  W. M. Thompson,et al.  Inflammation and necrosis of the transverse colon secondary to pancreatitis. , 1977, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[137]  R. Rosin Pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism , 1976, Postgraduate medical journal.

[138]  J. Trapnell,et al.  Patterns of incidence in acute pancreatitis. , 1975, British medical journal.

[139]  R. Brown,et al.  Changing methods in the treatment of severe pancreatitis. , 1974, American journal of surgery.

[140]  M. A. Meyers,et al.  Effects of pancreatitis on the small bowel and colon: spread along mesenteric planes. , 1973, The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine.

[141]  V. Echavé,et al.  Use of an elemental diet in the treatment of complicated pancreatitis. , 1973, American journal of surgery.

[142]  A. S. Appel,et al.  Acute Renal Failure , 1960, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.

[143]  H. Wapshaw The Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis , 1957, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[144]  T. A. Shallow,et al.  Acute pancreatitis; medical and surgical management. , 1947, Postgraduate medicine.

[145]  B. Quick ACUTE PANCREATITIS.1 , 1932 .

[146]  W. Bechstein,et al.  [Acute pancreatitis]. , 2004, Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen.

[147]  Robert V Farese,et al.  inflammation and , 2002 .

[148]  K. Davidson Early diagnosis? , 2001, The New Zealand medical journal.

[149]  E. Organ,et al.  A CUTE N ECROTIZING P ANCREATITIS , 1999 .

[150]  R. Hawes,et al.  Endoscopic diagnosis and therapy of unexplained (idiopathic) acute pancreatitis. , 1998, Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America.

[151]  R. Soetikno,et al.  Endoscopic management of acute gallstone pancreatitis. , 1998, Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America.

[152]  Tarnasky Pr,et al.  Endoscopic diagnosis and therapy of unexplained (idiopathic) acute pancreatitis. , 1998 .

[153]  P. Puolakkainen,et al.  Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. , 1998, Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae.

[154]  S. McClave,et al.  Comparison of the safety of early enteral vs parenteral nutrition in mild acute pancreatitis. , 1997, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[155]  F. Carballo,et al.  Appropriate Use of Serum Pancreatic Enzymes for the Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis , 1997 .

[156]  D. Dwivedi Early ERCP and papillotomy compared with conservative treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis. , 1997, Tropical gastroenterology : official journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation.

[157]  C. Bassi,et al.  Effectiveness of gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis. A metaanalysis. , 1995, Digestive diseases and sciences.

[158]  R. Pezzilli,et al.  Serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and beta 2-microglobulin in early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. Comparison with serum C-reactive protein. , 1995, Digestive diseases and sciences.

[159]  I. Narváez Rodríguez,et al.  Retinopathy as a systemic complication of acute pancreatitis. , 1995, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[160]  N. Soper,et al.  Role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of acute gallstone pancreatitis. , 1994, American journal of surgery.

[161]  R. Bell,et al.  Candida in pancreatic infection: a clinical experience. , 1994, The American surgeon.

[162]  E. Bradley Acute pancreatitis : diagnosis and therapy , 1994 .

[163]  M. Anderson,et al.  Colonic complications of pancreatitis. , 1994, The American surgeon.

[164]  C. Pitchumoni,et al.  Acute painless pancreatitis as a rare complication in Legionnaires disease. , 1993, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[165]  P. Malfertheiner,et al.  Gabexate mesilate in human acute pancreatitis. German Pancreatitis Study Group. , 1993, Gastroenterology.

[166]  Bradley El rd,et al.  A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. , 1993 .

[167]  F. Carballo,et al.  Epidemiology of Acute Pancreatitis , 1993 .

[168]  T. Ko,et al.  Secondary pancreatic infections: are they distinct clinical entities? , 1992, Surgery.

[169]  C. Johnson,et al.  CT of acute pancreatitis: correlation between lack of contrast enhancement and pancreatic necrosis. , 1991, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[170]  P. Freeny Angio-CT: diagnosis and detection of complications of acute pancreatitis. , 1991, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[171]  S. Wilson,et al.  The clinical significance of fluid collections in acute pancreatitis. , 1990, The American surgeon.

[172]  M. F. Parry,et al.  A Retrospective Analysis , 1990 .

[173]  C. Bassi,et al.  Microbiological findings in severe pancreatitis , 1989 .

[174]  Safrit Hd,et al.  Gastrointestinal complications of pancreatitis. , 1989 .

[175]  W. Maier Early Objective Diagnosis and Staging of Acute Pancreatitis by Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography , 1987 .

[176]  P. Banks,et al.  Indications and Results of Fine Needle Aspiration of Pancreatic Exudate , 1987 .

[177]  G. Brocco,et al.  Epidemiology of Acute Pancreatitis , 1987 .

[178]  M. Büchler,et al.  How do Imaging Methods Influence the Surgical Strategy in Acute Pancreatitis , 1986 .

[179]  R. Gamklou,et al.  Silent pancreatitis. Report of 4 cases of acute pancreatitis with atypical symptomatology. , 1984, Acta chirurgica Scandinavica.

[180]  I. Vujic,et al.  Pancreatic and peripancreatic vessels: embolization for control of bleeding in pancreatitis. , 1984, Radiology.

[181]  C. Standertskjöld-Nordenstam,et al.  Early detection of acute fulminant pancreatitis by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. , 1983, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[182]  L. Sáfrány,et al.  Controversies in Acute Pancreatitis , 1982, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[183]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Radiology of the colon , 1980 .

[184]  G. Blackburn,et al.  New approaches to the management of severe acute pancreatitis. , 1976, American journal of surgery.

[185]  O. Backer,et al.  Lesions of the colon following acute pancreatitis. , 1972, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[186]  G. Pescetti,et al.  [Pleural effusions]. , 1965, Aggiornamenti clinicoterapeutici.