A study on the emissions of butanol using a spark ignition engine and their reduction using electrostatically assisted injection

[1]  Bertrand D. Hsu,et al.  Practical Diesel-Engine Combustion Analysis , 2002 .

[2]  Steven S. McConnell,et al.  A Comparison of Ethanol and Butanol as Oxygenates Using a Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition Engine , 2009 .

[3]  R. M. Bata,et al.  Exhaust Gas Emissions of Butanol, Ethanol, and Methanol-Gasoline Blends , 1991 .

[4]  Nasib Qureshi,et al.  Butanol fermentation research: upstream and downstream manipulations. , 2004, Chemical record.

[5]  John M. Simmie,et al.  Bio-butanol: Combustion properties and detailed chemical kinetic model , 2010 .

[6]  T. Ezeji,et al.  Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) in a continuous flow bioreactor using degermed corn and Clostridium beijerinckii , 2007 .

[7]  The electrospray and combustion at the mesoscale , 2003 .

[8]  Fokion N. Egolfopoulos,et al.  Flame propagation of butanol isomers/air mixtures , 2011 .

[9]  D. Kyritsis,et al.  Bio-butanol Fuel Utilization Technologies: Electrostatic Sprays, Diffusion Flames and Kinetic Modeling , 2011 .

[10]  G. Schmid,et al.  Electrostatic Fields: Their Effect on the Surface Tension of Aqueous Salt Solutions , 1962, Science.

[11]  F. N. Alasfour.  Butanol—A single-cylinder engine study: availability analysis , 1997 .

[12]  A. Schaefer,et al.  Ignition Improvers for Ethanol Fuels , 1981 .

[13]  Zuohua Huang,et al.  Laminar burning velocities and flame instabilities of butanol isomers–air mixtures , 2010 .

[14]  David L. Harrington,et al.  The Spray Characteristics of Automotive Port Fuel Injection-A Critical Reviews , 1995 .

[15]  John S. Shrimpton,et al.  Pulsed charged sprays: application to DISI engines during early injection , 2003 .

[16]  P. Dürre.  Biobutanol: An attractive biofuel , 2007, Biotechnology journal.

[17]  W. M. Haynes.  CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 1990 .

[18]  R. J. Turnbull,et al.  Generation of charged drops of insulating liquids by electrostatic spraying , 1976 .

[19]  D. Kyritsis,et al.  Synopsis of experimentally determined effects of electrostatic charge on gasoline sprays , 2007 .

[20]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Combustion heat release analysis of ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends in heavy-duty DI diesel engine , 2011 .

[21]  M. Cloupeau,et al.  ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC SPRAYING FUNCTIONING MODES - A CRITICAL-REVIEW , 1994 .

[22]  P. Oßwald,et al.  Combustion of butanol isomers – A detailed molecular beam mass spectrometry investigation of their flame chemistry , 2011 .

[23]  Charles K. Westbrook,et al.  A comparative experimental and computational study of methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol flames , 2010 .

[24]  A. P. Watkins,et al.  A charge injection nozzle for atomisation of fuel oils in combustion applications , 1994, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[25]  John B. Heywood,et al.  Internal combustion engine fundamentals , 1988 .

[26]  A. J. Kelly,et al.  The electrostatic atomization of hydrocarbons , 1984 .

[27]  H. Simonsen,et al.  Testing and evaluation of ignition improvers for ethanol in a DI diesel engine , 1995 .

[28]  Michael Wang,et al.  Assessment of potential life‐cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission effects from using corn‐based butanol as a transportation fuel , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[29]  T. Ezeji,et al.  Continuous butanol fermentation and feed starch retrogradation: butanol fermentation sustainability using Clostridium beijerinckii BA101. , 2005, Journal of biotechnology.

[30]  Jiangtao Wu,et al.  Surface Tensions of Mixtures of Diesel Oil or Gasoline and Dimethoxymethane, Dimethyl Carbonate, or Ethanol , 2006 .

[31]  S. M. Sarathy,et al.  A chemical kinetic study of n-butanol oxidation at elevated pressure in a jet stirred reactor , 2009 .

[32]  P. Dagaut,et al.  Oxidation of Natural Gas, Natural Gas/Syngas Mixtures, and Effect of Burnt Gas Recirculation: Experimental and Detailed Kinetic Modeling , 2008 .

[33]  Hiromitsu Ando,et al.  Combustion Control Technologies for Direct Injection SI Engine , 1996 .

[34]  Rolf H. Kuratle,et al.  Influencing Parameters and Error Sources During Indication on Internal Combustion Engines , 1992 .

[35]  John S. Shrimpton,et al.  Characterisation of charged hydrocarbon sprays for application in combustion systems , 1999 .

[36]  Kyoungtae Kim,et al.  Stabilization of monodisperse electrosprays in the multi-jet mode via electric field enhancement , 2006 .

[37]  John B. Heywood,et al.  An Overview of Hydrocarbon Emissions Mechanisms in Spark-Ignition Engines , 1993 .

[38]  A. Gomez,et al.  Monodisperse Electrosprays of Low Electric Conductivity Liquids in the Cone-Jet Mode , 1996, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[39]  T. Agui,et al.  Drop formation characteristics of electrostatic ink jet using water-based ink , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[40]  A. Gomez,et al.  On the structure of an electrostatic spray of monodisperse droplets , 1994 .

[41]  F. N. Alasfour.  NOx EMISSION FROM A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE USING 30% ISO-BUTANOL–GASOLINE BLEND: PART 2—IGNITION TIMING , 1998 .

[42]  Ather A. Quader,et al.  Single-Cylinder Engine Facility to Study Cold Starting - Results with Propane and Gasoline , 1992 .

[43]  C. Lee,et al.  Experimental Evaluation of Electrostatically Assisted Injection and Combustion of Ethanol-Gasoline Mixtures for Automotive Applications , 2010 .

[44]  S. Szwaja,et al.  Combustion of n-butanol in a spark-ignition IC engine , 2010 .

[45]  J. Liao,et al.  Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels , 2008, Nature.

[46]  C. Lee,et al.  Emissions Characteristics of Neat Butanol Fuel Using a Port Fuel-Injected, Spark-Ignition Engine , 2011 .

[47]  S. Edward Law,et al.  Electrostatic Pesticide Spraying: Concepts and Practice , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[48]  T. Ezeji,et al.  Bioproduction of butanol from biomass: from genes to bioreactors. , 2007, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[49]  André L. Boehman,et al.  Oxidation of 1-butanol and a mixture of n-heptane/1-butanol in a motored engine , 2010 .

[50]  G. Hieftje,et al.  Enhancement of pneumatic nebulization efficiency through application of an electric field. , 1978, The Review of scientific instruments.

[51]  C. Lee,et al.  Preliminary experimental study of butanol electrosprays for power generation , 2007 .

[52]  Reda M. Bata,et al.  The performance and emission characteristics of C1-C5 alcohol-gasoline blends with matched oxygen content in a single-cylinder spark ignition engine , 1998 .

[53]  F. Halter,et al.  Evaluation of Butanol–Gasoline Blends in a Port Fuel-injection, Spark-Ignition Engine , 2010 .

[54]  Arnold L. Demain,et al.  Biosolutions to the energy problem , 2009, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[55]  Kouji Nakagawa,et al.  The Effect of Atomization of Fuel Injectors on Engine Performance , 1990 .

[56]  D. Kyritsis,et al.  Phenomenology of electrostatically charged droplet combustion in normal gravity , 2008 .

[57]  F. N. Alasfour.  BUTANOL—A SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE STUDY: ENGINE PERFORMANCE , 1997 .

[58]  Eric Karl Anderson.  Design and Experimental Characterization of Electrostatically Assisted Automotive Fuel Injectors , 2009 .

[59]  D. Richardson,et al.  Characteristics of Ethanol, Butanol, Iso-Octane and Gasoline Sprays and Combustion from a Multi-Hole Injector in a DISI Engine , 2008 .

[60]  F. N. Alasfour.  The effect of using 30% iso-butanol-gasoline blend on hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignition engine , 1999 .

[61]  G. Vaitilingom,et al.  Interest of combining an additive with diesel–ethanol blends for use in diesel engines , 2001 .

[62]  D. Kyritsis,et al.  Optimization of a catalytic combustor using electrosprayed liquid hydrocarbons for mesoscale power generation , 2004 .

[63]  M. Gautam,et al.  Combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline blends , 2000 .

[64]  T. Ma,et al.  Development of a Fuelling System to Reduce Cold-Start Hydrocarbon Emissions in an SI Engine , 1996 .

[65]  Wamadeva Balachandran,et al.  Electrostatically atomized hydrocarbon sprays , 1995 .

[66]  George S. Baranescu,et al.  SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SPARK ASSISTED DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE , 1983 .

[67]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Effects of butanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine , 2010 .

[68]  Ling Tao,et al.  The economics of current and future biofuels , 2009, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[69]  Kenneth R. Szulczyk,et al.  Which is a better transportation fuel - butanol or ethanol? , 2010 .

[70]  David L. Harrington,et al.  Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines , 2000 .

[71]  Mark A. Reed,et al.  Increase of electrospray throughput using multiplexed microfabricated sources for the scalable generation of monodisperse droplets , 2006 .

[72]  Robert E. Hetrick,et al.  Electrospray for Fuel Injection , 1997 .

[73]  F. N. Alasfour.  NOx Emission from a spark ignition engine using 30% Iso-butanol–gasoline blend: Part 1—Preheating inlet air , 1998 .

[74]  J. Zuehl.  Fuel Effects on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion , 2009 .

[75]  Gunter W. Festel,et al.  Biofuels – Economic Aspects , 2008 .

[76]  J. Strutt.  Scientific Papers: On the Equilibrium of Liquid Conducting Masses charged with Electricity , 2009 .

[77]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection Diesel engine using blends of Diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins , 2006 .

[78]  N. Henein,et al.  Cold-start hydrocarbon emissions in port-injected gasoline engines , 1999 .