A survey of secure mobile Ad Hoc routing protocols

Several routing protocols have been proposed in recent years for possible deployment of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in military, government and commercial applications. In this paper, we review these protocols with a particular focus on security aspects. The protocols differ in terms of routing methodologies and the information used to make routing decisions. Four representative routing protocols are chosen for analysis and evaluation including: Ad Hoc on demand Distance Vector routing (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA). Secure ad hoc networks have to meet five security requirements: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation and availability. The analyses of the secure versions of the proposed protocols are discussed with respect to the above security requirements.

[1]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing , 1999, Proceedings WMCSA'99. Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[2]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[3]  Atsushi Iwata,et al.  Scalable routing strategies for ad hoc wireless networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[4]  Amitava Datta,et al.  Performance comparison of trust-based reactive routing protocols , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[5]  Yih-Chun Hu,et al.  Ariadne: A Secure On-Demand Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, MobiCom '02.

[6]  C. Siva Ram Murthy,et al.  Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols , 2004 .

[7]  Gregory A. Hansen,et al.  The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol , 2003 .

[8]  Baruch Awerbuch,et al.  An on-demand secure routing protocol resilient to byzantine failures , 2002, WiSE '02.

[9]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  CEDAR: a core-extraction distributed ad hoc routing algorithm , 1999, IEEE INFOCOM '99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No.99CH36320).

[10]  Dharma P. Agrawal,et al.  Routing security in wireless ad hoc networks , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[11]  Seung Yi,et al.  A Security-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2002 .

[12]  Yih-Chun Hu.  Efficient Security Mechanisms for Routing Protocols , 2003 .

[13]  Chris J. Mitchell,et al.  Reputation methods for routing security for mobile ad hoc networks , 2003, SympoTIC'03. Joint 1st Workshop on Mobile Future and Symposium on Trends in Communications.

[14]  Dorothy E. Denning,et al.  A new paradigm for trusted systems , 1993, NSPW '92-93.

[15]  Yih-Chun Hu,et al.  Efficient Security Mechanisms for Routing Protocolsa , 2003, NDSS.

[16]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  CEDAR: a core-extraction distributed ad hoc routing algorithm , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[17]  Yih-Chun Hu,et al.  Rushing attacks and defense in wireless ad hoc network routing protocols , 2003, WiSe '03.

[18]  Joseph P. Macker,et al.  Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations , 1999, RFC.

[19]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Resource Management in Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks , 1999 .

[20]  Satish K. Tripathi,et al.  Signal stability-based adaptive routing (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks , 1997, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[21]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks , 1996, Mob. Networks Appl..

[22]  Mario Joa-Ng,et al.  A peer-to-peer zone-based two-level link state routing for mobile ad hoc networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[23]  Yih-Chun Hu,et al.  Securing quality-of-service route discovery in on-demand routing for ad hoc networks , 2004, SASN '04.

[24]  Robin Kravets,et al.  Security-aware ad hoc routing for wireless networks , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[25]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Nodes bearing grudges: towards routing security, fairness, and robustness in mobile ad hoc networks , 2002, Proceedings 10th Euromicro Workshop on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing.

[26]  Yong Wang,et al.  A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks , 2006, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[27]  Yih-Chun Hu,et al.  SEAD: secure efficient distance vector routing for mobile wireless ad hoc networks , 2002, Proceedings Fourth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[28]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Ad hoc Networking , 2004 .

[29]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 1994, Mobidata.

[30]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Global state routing: a new routing scheme for ad-hoc wireless networks , 1998, ICC '98. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record. Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98 (Cat. No.98CH36220).

[31]  Yuguang Fang,et al.  SPREAD: enhancing data confidentiality in mobile ad hoc networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[32]  M. S. Corson,et al.  A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks , 1997, Proceedings of INFOCOM '97.

[33]  Yih-Chun Hu,et al.  A survey of secure wireless ad hoc routing , 2004, IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine.

[34]  Leslie Lamport,et al.  Password authentication with insecure communication , 1981, CACM.

[35]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  NIS01-4: Trust Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[36]  Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer,et al.  A secure routing protocol for ad hoc networks , 2002, 10th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, 2002. Proceedings..

[37]  Loay Abusalah,et al.  TARP Performance in a Mobile World , 2007, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[38]  Gene Tsudik,et al.  Lowering security overhead in link state routing , 1999, Comput. Networks.

[39]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Performance analysis of the CONFIDANT protocol , 2002, MobiHoc '02.

[40]  Dogan Kesdogan,et al.  Variable and scalable security: protection of location information in mobile IP , 1996, Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC.

[41]  S. Buchegger,et al.  A Robust Reputation System for P2P and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks , 2004 .

[42]  Leszek Lilien.  Developing Pervasive Trust Paradigm for Authentication and Authorization , 2003 .

[43]  Mario Gerla,et al.  IPv6 flow handoff in ad hoc wireless networks using mobility prediction , 1999, Seamless Interconnection for Universal Services. Global Telecommunications Conference. GLOBECOM'99. (Cat. No.99CH37042).

[44]  Thomas Clausen,et al.  The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol: Evaluation through Experiments and Simulation , 2001 .

[45]  Panagiotis Papadimitratos,et al.  Secure link state routing for mobile ad hoc networks , 2003, 2003 Symposium on Applications and the Internet Workshops, 2003. Proceedings..

[46]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Performance analysis of the CONFIDANT protocol , 2002, MobiHoc '02.

[47]  Manel Guerrero Zapata.  Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing , 2002, MOCO.

[48]  Loay Abusalah,et al.  TARP: trust-aware routing protocol , 2006, IWCMC '06.

[49]  Yih-Chun Hu.  Packet Leashes : A Defense against Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2001 .

[50]  David B. Johnson,et al.  Routing in Ad Hoc Networks of Mobile Hosts , 1994, 1994 First Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[51]  Bharat K. Bhargava,et al.  Authorization Based on Evidence and Trust , 2002, DaWaK.

[52]  Mary Baker,et al.  Mitigating routing misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[53]  W. Richard Stevens,et al.  TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms , 1997, RFC.

[54]  ZapataManel Guerrero.  Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing , 2002 .

[55]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  Source-tree routing in wireless networks , 1999, Proceedings. Seventh International Conference on Network Protocols.

[56]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  Solutions to hidden terminal problems in wireless networks , 1997, SIGCOMM '97.

[57]  Panagiotis Papadimitratos,et al.  Secure data transmission in mobile ad hoc networks , 2003, WiSe '03.

[58]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[59]  Chai-Keong Toh,et al.  Associativity-Based Routing for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks , 1997, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[60]  Refik Molva,et al.  Core: a collaborative reputation mechanism to enforce node cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks , 2002, Communications and Multimedia Security.