An architecture for visual patent analysis

Patents are of great importance for national and international economies, since they have a high impact on the development of products, trade, and research. Therefore, patents are analyzed by multiple interest groups for different purposes, for example for getting technical details, for observing competitors, or for detecting technological trends. Patent analysis typically includes the following steps: formulating a patent query, submitting it to one or more patent data services, merging and analyzing the results for getting an overview, selecting relevant patents for detailed analysis, continuing with refining the query based on the gained insights until the results are satisfying. In general, patent analysis is a complex, time and knowledge intensive process, because of multiple application domains, data sources, and legal systems but also because of the intentionally used abstract expressions in patents and the huge amount of patent data. Therefore, this thesis investigates the research question of how patent analysis can be supported by the field of visual analytics which combines visualization, human-computer interaction, data analysis, and data management. A contribution of this thesis is a general architecture for visual patent analysis which is based on a semantic representation model. The model can be accessed from analysis and presentation components, enriched with analysis results, published and reused. Analysis and presentation components are loosely coupled and exchangeable based a shared terminology defined by ontologies. A second contribution is an ontology for patent metadata. It provides an integrated semantic representation of the major patent metadata aspects and allows metadata restrictions to be added to a semantic search. As a third contribution, this thesis describes new visualization techniques, for example a treemap techniques for visualizing patent portfolios and co-classification relations and a graph overlay based technique for visualizing dependencies between text parts based on semantic relations. Additionally, this thesis contributes to the field of data security by describing a new encryption based method for secure sharing of semantic models to a known group of recipients. The main idea of this method is to only encrypt sensitive information while keeping all non-sensitive information publicly readable (partial encryption). This method allows the usage of open infrastructures for the exchange of sensitive semantic models. The adequacy of the proposed architecture has been validated by three prototypes for different use cases. It has been shown that the architecture is flexible and extensible. A first evaluation with patent experts suggested that visual analytics is a promising approach for improving patent analysis. Patente sind von grosem Interesse fur die nationale und internationale Wirtschaft, da sie einen hohen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Produkten, Handel und Forschung haben. Daher werden Patente von verschiedenen Interessensgruppen mit unterschiedlicher Zielsetzung analysiert, beispielsweise, um technische Details uber Erfindungen zu erhalten, um Forschungsaktivitaten von Mitbewerbern zu beobachten oder um neue Technologietrends zu erkennen. Patentanalyse beinhaltet fur gewohnlich folgende Schritte: Formulierung einer Patentsuchanfrage, Ubermittlung der Anfrage zu ein oder mehreren Patentdatendiensten, Zusammenfuhren und Analyse der Ergebnisse zur Uberblicksgewinnung, Auswahl relevanter Patente zur Detailanalyse, Fortfuhrung mit verfeinerter Suchanfrage auf Basis gewonnener Erkenntnisse bis das Ergebnis zufriedenstellend ist. Auf Grund unterschiedlicher Anwendungsgebiete, Datenquellen, Rechtssysteme sowie der abstrakten Sprache, die in Patenten verwendet wird, ist Patentanalyse im Allgemeinen ein komplexer, zeit- und wissensintensiver Prozess. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, wie Patentanalyse durch das Forschungsgebiet Visual Analytics, welches Visualisierung, Mensch-Maschine Interaktion, Datenanalyse und Datenmanagement kombiniert, unterstutzt werden kann. Ein Beitrag dieser Arbeit ist eine Architektur fur visuelle Patentanalyse, die auf einem semantischen Reprasentationsmodel basiert. Auf dieses Model kann sowohl von Analyse- als auch Prasentationskomponenten zugegriffen werden. Es kann um Analyseergebnisse erweitert, veroffentlicht und wiederverwendet werden. Analyse- und Prasentationskomponenten verwenden eine gemeinsame auf Basis von Ontologien definierte Terminologie. Sie sind dadurch lose gekoppelt und austauschbar. Ein zweiter Beitrag der Arbeit ist eine Patentmetadatenontologie. Diese ermoglicht eine integrierte semantische Reprasentation der wichtigsten Patentmetadaten und ermoglicht so die Einbeziehung von Metadatenrestriktionen in semantische Suchanfragen. Ein weiterer Beitrag der Arbeit sind neue Visualisierungstechnologien fur Patentmetadaten, beispielsweise Techniken zur Darstellung von Patentportfolios sowie Co-Klassifizierungsbeziehungen auf Basis von Treemaps oder Techniken zur Darstellung semantischer Beziehungen zwischen Textteilen eines Patents basierend auf uberlagerten Graphen. Ein letzter Beitrag der Arbeit ist eine Methode zur sicheren Veroffentlichung semantischer Modelle fur eine bekannte Gruppe von Empfangern. Die Grundidee ist eine partielle Verschlusselung, das heist es werden nur sensitive Informationen verschlusselt, wahrend nicht-sensitive Information im Klartext lesbar bleiben. Diese Methode erlaubt die Verwendung offener und potentiell unsicherer Infrastrukturen fur den Austausch sensitiver semantischer Modelle. Die Angemessenheit der vorgestellten Architektur und Methoden wurde in drei Prototypen fur unterschiedliche Anwendungsfalle validiert. Es wurde dadurch gezeigt, dass die Architektur flexibel und erweiterbar ist. Eine Evaluation mit Patentexperten legt zudem nahe, dass Visual Analytics ein vielversprechender Ansatz zu Unterstutzung bei Patentanalysen ist.

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