Transcatheter perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure under transthoracic echocardiographic guidance without fluoroscopy.

Background Transcatheter device closure has become an alternative therapy for ventricular septal defect (VSD). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and safety of transcatheter perimembranous VSD (pm-VSD) closure under transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) guidance alone. Methods Between October 2012 and July 2016, 118 patients with pm-VSD underwent an attempt of transcatheter device closure for pm-VSD through the femoral artery under TTE guidance alone. Patients were followed-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure and yearly after discharge. Results The mean age was 11.7±12.5 years (range, 1.0-53.0 years) and the mean body weight was 32.2±21.6 kg (range, 11.5-102.0 kg). The mean diameter of the VSD was 4.0±1.1 mm (range, 3.0-8.0 mm). Transcatheter device closure under TTE guidance alone was successful in 111 patients. The average procedural time was 44.9±7.3 minutes (range, 29.0-65.0 minutes). All 111 patients were followed-up for 3.4±2.3 years. At the last follow-up, two patients had a residual shunt smaller than 2 mm, seven patients had right bundle branch block (RBBB) including one patient with complete RBBB, six patients had mild or less tricuspid regurgitation, and two patients still had trivial aortic regurgitation including one patient that had it before the procedure. Occluder malposition, complete atrioventricular block, or other complications were not observed. Conclusions Transcatheter pm-VSD closure can be successfully performed under TTE guidance alone with outcomes similar to those achieved with fluoroscopic guidance in selected patients with weight more than 10 kg and VSD smaller than 8 mm. However, long-term follow-up in a large number of patients would be necessary.