Nanostructured polymers for photonics

We review recent progress in the development of polymer nanostructured materials with periodic structures and compositions having applications in photonics and optical data storage. This review provides a brief description of the microfabrication and self-assembly methods used for the production of polymer materials with periodic structures, and highlights the properties and applications of photonic materials derived from block copolymers, colloid crystals, and microfabricated polymers. We conclude with a summary of current and future research efforts and opportunities in the development of polymer materials for photonic applications.

[1]  Michael Scalora,et al.  The photonic band edge laser: A new approach to gain enhancement , 1994 .

[2]  S. Asher,et al.  Progress toward the development of a point-of-care photonic crystal ammonia sensor , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[3]  C. Leatherdale,et al.  Tailoring Air Defects in Self‐Assembled Photonic Bandgap Crystals , 2005 .

[4]  Paul V. Braun,et al.  Multi‐Photon Polymerization of Waveguide Structures Within Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2002 .

[5]  Edwin L. Thomas,et al.  3D Micro‐ and Nanostructures via Interference Lithography , 2007 .

[6]  Edward H. Sargent,et al.  Photonic pseudo-gap-based modification of photoluminescence from CdS nanocrystal satellites around polymer microspheres in a photonic crystal , 2002 .

[7]  I. Hamley.  Nanostructure fabrication using block copolymers , 2003 .

[8]  Augustine Urbas,et al.  Tunable Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Photonic Crystals , 2000 .

[9]  Stefan Linden,et al.  Polarization Stop Bands in Chiral Polymeric Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2007 .

[10]  Luigino Criante,et al.  Light amplification by dye-doped holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals , 2004 .

[11]  Haiping Yu,et al.  Optically switchable liquid crystal photonic structures. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[12]  T. Deng,et al.  Two-dimensional block copolymer photonic crystals , 2003 .

[13]  Stephen Y. Chou,et al.  Macroscopic Orientation of Block Copolymer Cylinders in Single‐Layer Films by Shearing , 2004 .

[14]  P. Braun,et al.  Fabrication and Characterization of Two‐Photon Polymerized Features in Colloidal Crystals , 2005 .

[15]  E. Thomas,et al.  Impact of Morphological Orientation in Determining Mechanical Properties in Triblock Copolymer Systems , 1996 .

[16]  Michael J McFarland,et al.  Large-scale fabrication of wafer-size colloidal crystals, macroporous polymers and nanocomposites by spin-coating. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  Nikos Hadjichristidis,et al.  Polymer‐Based Photonic Crystals , 2001 .

[18]  S. Asher,et al.  Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel films as intelligent chemical sensing materials , 1997, Nature.

[19]  Christopher K. Ober,et al.  Block copolymer patterns and templates , 2006 .

[20]  A. Lendlein,et al.  Polymers Move in Response to Light , 2006 .

[21]  E. Kumacheva,et al.  Colloid Crystal Growth under Oscillatory Shear , 2000 .

[22]  E. Thomas,et al.  Broad-wavelength-range chemically tunable block-copolymer photonic gels. , 2007, Nature materials.

[23]  E. Thomas,et al.  Temperature‐Dependent Photonic Bandgap in a Self‐Assembled Hydrogen‐Bonded Liquid‐Crystalline Diblock Copolymer , 2002 .

[24]  Igor K Lednev,et al.  High ionic strength glucose-sensing photonic crystal. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  Younan Xia,et al.  Self‐Assembly Approaches to Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2001 .

[26]  D. A. Saville,et al.  Field-Induced Layering of Colloidal Crystals , 1996, Science.

[27]  Eugenia Kumacheva,et al.  Polymer nanostructured material for the recording of biometric features , 2007 .

[28]  Masayoshi Watanabe,et al.  A thermally adjustable multicolor photochromic hydrogel. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[29]  E. Kumacheva,et al.  Colloid Crystal Growth on Mesoscopically Patterned Surfaces: Effect of Confinement , 2002 .

[30]  Jongseung Yoon,et al.  Optically pumped surface-emitting lasing using self-assembled block-copolymer-distributed Bragg reflectors. , 2006, Nano letters.

[31]  E. Thomas,et al.  Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers for Photonic-Bandgap Materials , 2005 .

[32]  D. Evanoff,et al.  Functionalization of Crystalline Colloidal Arrays through Click Chemistry , 2007 .

[33]  J. Joannopoulos,et al.  Block copolymers as photonic bandgap materials , 1999 .

[34]  S. Asher,et al.  Fast responsive crystalline colloidal array photonic crystal glucose sensors. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[35]  Yadong Yin,et al.  Highly tunable superparamagnetic colloidal photonic crystals. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[36]  Mathieu Allard,et al.  In situ study of colloid crystallization in constrained geometry. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[37]  R. Ruel,et al.  Template-directed colloidal crystallization , 1997, Nature.

[38]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Using self-assembly for the fabrication of nano-scale electronic and photonic devices , 2003 .

[39]  J. Qi,et al.  Two-dimensional tunable photonic crystal formed in a liquid-crystal/polymer composite: Threshold behavior and morphology , 2003 .

[40]  M. Gu,et al.  Two-photon polymerisation for three-dimensional micro-fabrication , 2006 .

[41]  M. Bertolotti,et al.  Wave interactions in photonic band structures: an overview , 2006 .

[42]  J. Qi,et al.  Tunable face-centered-cubic photonic crystal formed in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals. , 2003, Optics letters.

[43]  Nicholas A. Kotov,et al.  Electrophoretic Deposition of Latex-Based 3D Colloidal Photonic Crystals: A Technique for Rapid Production of High-Quality Opals , 2000 .

[44]  M. E. Wright,et al.  New photonic and electronic polymers , 2006 .

[45]  Jan Scrimgeour,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Optical Lithography for Photonic Microstructures , 2006 .

[46]  E. Sargent,et al.  Colloidal Crystals Grown on Patterned Surfaces , 2004 .

[47]  Ludovico Cademartiri,et al.  From colour fingerprinting to the control of photoluminescence in elastic photonic crystals , 2006 .

[48]  Lalgudi V. Natarajan,et al.  Dynamic Lasing from All‐Organic Two‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2005 .

[49]  G. Ozin,et al.  A Polychromic, Fast Response Metallopolymer Gel Photonic Crystal with Solvent and Redox Tunability: A Step Towards Photonic Ink (P‐Ink) , 2003 .

[50]  L. V. Natarajan,et al.  Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs)1 , 2000 .

[51]  R. Sutherland,et al.  Switchable orthorhombic F photonic crystals formed by holographic polymerization-induced phase separation of liquid crystal. , 2002, Optics express.

[52]  Seung-Man Yang,et al.  Translation of interference pattern by phase shift for diamond photonic crystals. , 2005, Optics express.

[53]  E. Thomas,et al.  Optical Properties of Polymer-Based Photonic Nanocomposite Materials , 2003 .

[54]  E. Jones,et al.  Highly dispersive photonic band-gap prism. , 1996, Optics letters.

[55]  Jeremy J. Baumberg,et al.  Compact strain-sensitive flexible photonic crystals for sensors , 2005 .

[56]  J. Joannopoulos,et al.  High Transmission through Sharp Bends in Photonic Crystal Waveguides. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[57]  J. Joannopoulos.  Photonics: Self-assembly lights up , 2001, Nature.

[58]  André C. Arsenault,et al.  Photonic-crystal full-colour displays , 2007 .

[59]  L E Helseth,et al.  Assembling and manipulating two-dimensional colloidal crystals with movable nanomagnets. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[60]  Stephen H. Foulger,et al.  Electric‐Field‐Induced Rejection‐Wavelength Tuning of Photonic‐Bandgap Composites , 2005 .

[61]  Younan Xia,et al.  Photonic Papers and Inks: Color Writing with Colorless Materials , 2003 .

[62]  Eugenia Kumacheva,et al.  Polymeric nanostructured material for high-density three-dimensional optical memory storage , 2001 .

[63]  Lalgudi V. Natarajan,et al.  Electrically Switchable, One‐Dimensional Polymeric Resonators from Holographic Photopolymerization: A New Approach for Active Photonic Bandgap Materials , 2003 .

[64]  A. Mayes,et al.  Block copolymer thin films : Physics and applications , 2001 .

[65]  G. Crawford,et al.  Holographic photonic crystals , 2004 .

[66]  Eugenia Kumacheva,et al.  A Multidye Nanostructured Material for Optical Data Storage and Security Data Encryption , 2004 .

[67]  Cefe López,et al.  Materials Aspects of Photonic Crystals , 2003 .

[68]  Kazuhide Ueno,et al.  An Electro‐ and Thermochromic Hydrogel as a Full‐Color Indicator , 2007 .

[69]  J. D. Joannopoulos,et al.  Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals , 2004, Nature materials.

[70]  Y. Fink,et al.  One-dimensionally periodic dielectric reflectors from self-assembled block copolymer-homopolymer blends , 1999 .

[71]  Geoffrey A. Ozin,et al.  Colloidal photonic crystal microchannel array with periodically modulated thickness , 2002 .

[72]  E. Kumacheva,et al.  Rationalized Approach to Molecular Tailoring of Polymetallocenes with Predictable Optical Properties , 2004 .

[73]  Anjal C. Sharma,et al.  Photonic crystal aqueous metal cation sensing materials. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[74]  Peter Palffy-Muhoray,et al.  Tunable Mirrorless Lasing in Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers , 2001 .

[75]  F. Caruso,et al.  Inverse Opals for Optical Affinity Biosensing , 2002 .

[76]  Paras N. Prasad,et al.  Electrically switchable lasing from pyrromethene 597 embedded holographic-polymer dispersed liquid crystals , 2004 .

[77]  K. Sakoda,et al.  Enhanced light amplification due to group-velocity anomaly peculiar to two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals. , 1999, Optics express.

[78]  Justin D. Debord,et al.  Color-Tunable Colloidal Crystals from Soft Hydrogel Nanoparticles , 2002 .

[79]  Miguel Holgado,et al.  3D Long‐range ordering in ein SiO2 submicrometer‐sphere sintered superstructure , 1997 .

[80]  Younan Xia,et al.  Growth of Large Crystals of Monodispersed Spherical Colloids in Fluidic Cells Fabricated Using Non-photolithographic Methods , 2001 .

[81]  Stephanie A. Rinne,et al.  Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art , 2006 .

[82]  E. Kumacheva,et al.  A “Core−Shell” Approach to Producing 3D Polymer Nanocomposites , 1999 .

[83]  B. Viel,et al.  Reversible Deformation of Opal Elastomers , 2007 .

[84]  Edward H. Sargent,et al.  High‐Quality Photonic Crystals Infiltrated with Quantum Dots , 2006 .

[85]  Augustine Urbas,et al.  Bicontinuous Cubic Block Copolymer Photonic Crystals , 2002 .

[86]  M. Torkkeli,et al.  Self-assembled polymeric solid films with temperature-induced large and reversible photonic-bandgap switching , 2004, Nature materials.

[87]  Younan Xia,et al.  Macroporous Membranes with Highly Ordered and Three‐Dimensionally Interconnected Spherical Pores , 1998 .

[88]  E. Kumacheva,et al.  From Hybrid Microgels to Photonic Crystals , 2003 .