A Survey on State Estimation Techniques and Challenges in Smart Distribution Systems

This paper presents a review of the literature on state estimation (SE) in power systems. While covering works related to SE in transmission systems, the main focus of this paper is distribution system SE (DSSE). The critical topics of DSSE, including mathematical problem formulation, application of pseudo-measurements, metering instrument placement, network topology issues, impacts of renewable penetration, and cyber-security are discussed. Both conventional and modern data-driven and probabilistic techniques have been reviewed. This paper can provide researchers and utility engineers with insights into the technical achievements, barriers, and future research directions of DSSE.