Frequency Control in Isolated/Islanded Microgrids Through Voltage Regulation

This paper presents a frequency control mechanism for an isolated/islanded microgrid through voltage regulation. The proposed scheme makes use of the load voltage sensitivity to operating voltages and can be easily adopted for various types of isolated microgrids. The proposed controller offers various advantages, such as allowing the integration of significant levels of intermittent renewable resources in isolated/islanded microgrids without the need for large energy storage systems, providing fast and smooth frequency regulation with no steady-state error, regardless of the generator control mechanism. The controller requires no extra communication infrastructure, and only local voltage and frequency is used as feedback. The performance of the controller is evaluated and validated through various simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment based on a realistic microgrid test system, using small-perturbation stability analysis to demonstrate the positive effect of the proposed controller in system damping.

[1]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Mode Adaptive Droop Control With Virtual Output Impedances for an Inverter-Based Flexible AC Microgrid , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[2]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Analysis of conservation voltage reduction effects based on multistage SVR and stochastic process , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[3]  Gauthier Delille,et al.  Experimental validation of a novel approach to stabilize power system frequency by taking advantage of Load Voltage Sensitivity , 2015, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech.

[4]  Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt,et al.  Trends in Microgrid Control , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[5]  T.C. Green,et al.  Modeling, Analysis and Testing of Autonomous Operation of an Inverter-Based Microgrid , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[6]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Distributed Generation: Toward a New Energy Paradigm , 2010, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[7]  Kankar Bhattacharya,et al.  Stability Analysis of Unbalanced Distribution Systems With Synchronous Machine and DFIG Based Distributed Generators , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[8]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Load sharing and power quality enhanced operation of a distributed microgrid , 2009 .

[9]  Ieee Report.  Computer representation of excitation systems , 1968 .

[10]  S. R. Gilligan,et al.  The Effects of Voltage Reduction on Distribution Circuit Loads , 1982, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[11]  Alexandre Oudalov,et al.  The Provision of Frequency Control Reserves From Multiple Microgrids , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[12]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  Transfer function identification in power system applications , 1993 .

[13]  Fred Schweppe,et al.  Homeostatic Utility Control , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[14]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Improvement of Stability and Load Sharing in an Autonomous Microgrid Using Supplementary Droop Control Loop , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[15]  Claudio A. Canizares,et al.  Northern Lights: Access to Electricity in Canada's Northern and Remote Communities , 2014, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[16]  A. Mullane,et al.  Frequency control and wind turbine technologies , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[17]  R. Adapa,et al.  Control of parallel connected inverters in stand-alone AC supply systems , 1991, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[18]  K. Strunz.  Developing benchmark models for studying the integration of distributed energy resources , 2006, 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[19]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Review on Implementation and Assessment of Conservation Voltage Reduction , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[20]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent Microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and Hierarchical Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[21]  M. Kayikci,et al.  Dynamic Contribution of DFIG-Based Wind Plants to System Frequency Disturbances , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[22]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Droop Control of Converter-Interfaced Microsources in Rural Distributed Generation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[23]  Hassan Ghasemi.  On-line Monitoring and Oscillatory Stability Margin Prediction in Power Systems Based on System Identification , 2006 .

[24]  Stephen McLaughlin,et al.  Development of Low-Voltage Load Models for the Residential Load Sector , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[25]  N. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Microgrids: an overview of ongoing research, development, anddemonstration projects , 2007 .

[26]  L.-A. Dessaint,et al.  A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2007, 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[27]  B. Francois,et al.  Dynamic Frequency Control Support by Energy Storage to Reduce the Impact of Wind and Solar Generation on Isolated Power System's Inertia , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[28]  François Bouffard,et al.  Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[29]  E.F. El-Saadany,et al.  Adaptive Decentralized Droop Controller to Preserve Power Sharing Stability of Paralleled Inverters in Distributed Generation Microgrids , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[30]  Dale T. Bradshaw,et al.  DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA , 2016 .

[31]  V. J. Warnock,et al.  Impact of Voltage Reduction on Energy and Demand: Phase II , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[32]  P. Kundur,et al.  Power system stability and control , 1994 .

[33]  Bill Rose,et al.  Microgrids , 2018, Smart Grids.