Architectural and urban design tools for reducing energy consumption in cities

Cities are responsible for about 30% of the energy consumed worldwide. Since 2007 more than 50% of the world population lives in cities, and urbanization is still growing. The energy-efficiency of cities is gaining greater importance today. The paper examines the possibilities of energy consumption reduction and optimization in cities. Various urban and architectural tools are described below that affect indirectly and directly the energy balance of cities. The possible ways of using renewable energy sources in cities have been analyzed. Ways and means of their use is analyzed in on-site, nearby and off-site systems.

[1]  F. Shi,et al.  Evaluating the potential for urban heat-island mitigation by greening parking lots , 2010 .

[2]  P. Jones,et al.  Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates , 2008 .

[3]  R. Raiteri,et al.  Comparative life cycle analysis for green faades and living wall systems , 2011 .

[4]  H. Taha.  Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat , 1997 .

[5]  Bert Brunekreef,et al.  Impact of low emission zones and local traffic policies on ambient air pollution concentrations. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[6]  Virginia Stovin,et al.  Green roofs; building energy savings and the potential for retrofit , 2010 .

[7]  S. Konopacki,et al.  Demonstration of Energy Savings of Cool Roofs , 1998 .

[8]  W. G. Coldewey,et al.  Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas. , 2007, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[9]  Rasmus Lund Jensen,et al.  On-site or off-site renewable energy supply options? Life cycle cost analysis of a Net Zero Energy Building in Denmark , 2012 .

[10]  T. Oke.  The energetic basis of the urban heat island , 1982 .

[11]  Martin Braniš,et al.  Particulate air pollution in a small settlement: The effect of local heating , 2007 .

[12]  Janet E. Nichol,et al.  A simple method for designation of urban ventilation corridors and its application to urban heat island analysis , 2010 .

[13]  Timothy Carter,et al.  Establishing Green Roof Infrastructure Through Environmental Policy Instruments , 2008, Environmental management.