A Non‐Doped Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Device with Above 31% External Quantum Efficiency

The demonstrated square-planar Pt(II)-complex has reduced triplet-triplet quenching and therefore a near unity quantum yield in the neat thin film. A non-doped phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PhOLED) based on this emitter achieves (31.1 ± 0.1)% external quantum efficiency without any out-coupling, which shows that a non-doped PhOLED can be comparable in efficiency to the best doped devices with very complicated device structures.

[1]  P. Douglas,et al.  Coordination complexes exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence: Evaluation of their suitability as triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes , 2006 .

[2]  Jong-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Extremely efficient flexible organic light-emitting diodes with modified graphene anode , 2012, Nature Photonics.

[3]  Wei-Hsuan Chen,et al.  Near-white and tunable electrophosphorescence from bis[3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolato]platinum(II)-based organic light emitting diodes , 2009 .

[4]  Ken‐Tsung Wong,et al.  High-luminescence non-doped green OLEDs based on a 9,9-diarylfluorene-terminated 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole derivative , 2009 .

[5]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Quantum efficiency roll-off at high brightness in fluorescent and phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes , 2008 .

[6]  N. Tohnai,et al.  Regulation of π-stacked anthracene arrangement for fluorescence modulation of organic solid from monomer to excited oligomer emission. , 2012, Chemistry.

[7]  P. Chou,et al.  Bright and Efficient, Non‐Doped, Phosphorescent Organic Red‐Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2004 .

[8]  Sujun Hu,et al.  Simultaneous Optimization of Charge‐Carrier Balance and Luminous Efficacy in Highly Efficient White Polymer Light‐Emitting Devices , 2011, Advanced materials.

[9]  Chien-Hong Cheng,et al.  Platinum Phosphors Containing an Aryl‐modified β‐Diketonate: Unusual Effect of Molecular Packing on Photo‐ and Electroluminescence , 2011 .

[10]  W. Stampor,et al.  Coexistence of dissociation and annihilation of excitons on charge carriers in organic phosphorescent emitters , 2006 .

[11]  Kwon-Hyeon Kim,et al.  Highly Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Phosphorescent Emitters Having High Quantum Yield and Horizontal Orientation of Transition Dipole Moments , 2014, Advanced materials.

[12]  Junji Kido,et al.  Ultra High Efficiency Green Organic Light-Emitting Devices , 2006 .

[13]  Ying Zheng,et al.  Efficient deep-blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting device with improved electron and exciton confinement , 2008 .

[14]  Richard H. Friend,et al.  Electroluminescence emission pattern of organic light-emitting diodes: Implications for device efficiency calculations , 2000 .

[15]  Baohua Zhang,et al.  High‐Efficiency Single Emissive Layer White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Solution‐Processed Dendritic Host and New Orange‐Emitting Iridium Complex , 2012, Advanced materials.

[16]  Yong Joo Cho,et al.  Low Driving Voltage, High Quantum Efficiency, High Power Efficiency, and Little Efficiency Roll‐Off in Red, Green, and Deep‐Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using a High‐Triplet‐Energy Hole Transport Material , 2011, Advanced materials.

[17]  C. Lennartz,et al.  Effect of Electric Field on Coulomb‐Stabilized Excitons in Host/Guest Systems for Deep‐Blue Electrophosphorescence , 2009 .

[18]  Cheuk‐Lam Ho,et al.  Charge and energy transfers in functional metallophosphors and metallopolyynes , 2013 .

[19]  Junji Kido,et al.  Low‐Driving‐Voltage Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices with External Quantum Efficiency of 30% , 2014, Advanced materials.

[20]  V. Fattori,et al.  From red to near infra-red OLEDs: the remarkable effect of changing from X = -Cl to -NCS in a cyclometallated [Pt(N^C^N)X] complex {N^C^N = 5-mesityl-1,3-di-(2-pyridyl)benzene}. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[21]  J. Kalinowski,et al.  Mixing of molecular exciton and excimer phosphorescence to tune color and efficiency of organic LEDs , 2010 .

[22]  Zhuozhi Wang,et al.  Chlorinated Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes with High Work Function for Organic Device Compatibility , 2011, Science.

[23]  Chih-Hung Hsiao,et al.  Emitting layer thickness dependence of color stability in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices , 2010 .

[24]  Soon-Ki Kwon,et al.  Efficient, Color Stable White Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Based on High Energy Level Yellowish‐Green Dopants , 2008 .

[25]  J. Kalinowski,et al.  Unified approach to electroluminescence efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes , 2010 .

[26]  Biwu Ma,et al.  Synthetic control of Pt...Pt separation and photophysics of binuclear platinum complexes. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Bright, saturated, red-to-yellow organic light-emitting devices based on polarization-induced spectral shifts , 1998 .

[28]  H. Aziz,et al.  Modification of Exciton Lifetime by the Metal Cathode in Phosphorescent OLEDs, and Implications on Device Efficiency and Efficiency Roll‐off Behavior , 2011 .

[29]  B. Tang,et al.  Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes with a silole-based compound , 2002 .

[30]  Shui-Tong Lee,et al.  Efficient green organic light-Emitting devices with a nondoped dual-functional electroluminescent material , 2007 .

[31]  Dongge Ma,et al.  Manipulating Charges and Excitons within a Single‐Host System to Accomplish Efficiency/CRI/Color‐Stability Trade‐off for High‐Performance OWLEDs , 2009 .

[32]  Young Kwan Kim,et al.  White organic light-emitting diodes showing nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency , 2010 .

[33]  Kwon-Hyeon Kim,et al.  Exciplex‐Forming Co‐host for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Ultimate Efficiency , 2013 .

[34]  J. Ni,et al.  Mechanochromic luminescence switch of platinum(II) complexes with 5-trimethylsilylethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine. , 2011, Inorganic chemistry.

[35]  Pengfei Wang,et al.  Highly Efficient Non‐Doped Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Fluorene Derivatives with High Thermal Stability , 2005 .

[36]  Dongge Ma,et al.  Management of charges and excitons for high-performance white organic light-emitting diodes. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[37]  Dongge Ma,et al.  Ultrathin nondoped emissive layers for efficient and simple monochrome and white organic light-emitting diodes. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[38]  Bo Chen,et al.  Self-host blue-emitting iridium dendrimer with carbazole dendrons: nondoped phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[39]  Karsten Walzer,et al.  Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes with Ir-based emitters , 2007 .

[40]  Zhuozhi Wang,et al.  Enhancing the efficiency of simplified red phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes by exciton harvesting , 2012 .

[41]  Chihaya Adachi,et al.  100% phosphorescence quantum efficiency of Ir(III) complexes in organic semiconductor films , 2005 .

[42]  Chun-Sing Lee,et al.  Management of Singlet and Triplet Excitons in a Single Emission Layer: A Simple Approach for a High‐Efficiency Fluorescence/Phosphorescence Hybrid White Organic Light‐Emitting Device , 2012, Advanced materials.

[43]  Ruth Shinar,et al.  High‐Efficiency Solution‐Processed Small Molecule Electrophosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2011, Advanced materials.

[44]  Jingui Qin,et al.  Multifunctional Triphenylamine/Oxadiazole Hybrid as Host and Exciton‐Blocking Material: High Efficiency Green Phosphorescent OLEDs Using Easily Available and Common Materials , 2010 .

[45]  Kangwon Lee,et al.  Activating efficient phosphorescence from purely organic materials by crystal design. , 2011, Nature chemistry.

[46]  V. Miskowski,et al.  Electronic spectra and photophysics of platinum(II) complexes with .alpha.-diimine ligands solid-state effects. 2. Metal-metal interaction in double salts and linear chains , 1991 .

[47]  Ying Wang,et al.  Highly efficient electroluminescent materials based on fluorinated organometallic iridium compounds , 2001 .

[48]  Chunhui Huang,et al.  Red Phosphorescent Iridium Complex Containing Carbazole‐Functionalized β‐Diketonate for Highly Efficient Nondoped Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2006 .

[49]  Masako Kato,et al.  Crystal Structures and Luminescence Properties of Platinum(II) Complexes Containing 3,3'-Biisoquinoline. , 1996, Inorganic chemistry.

[50]  J. Kalinowski,et al.  Light-emitting devices based on organometallic platinum complexes as emitters , 2011 .

[51]  V. Roy,et al.  Efficient White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Based on Phosphorescent Platinum(II)/Fluorescent Dual‐Emitting Layers , 2007 .

[52]  Tyler B Fleetham,et al.  Efficient and Stable White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Employing a Single Emitter , 2014, Advanced materials.

[53]  P. Chou,et al.  Platinum(II) complexes with pyridyl azolate-based chelates: synthesis, structural characterization, and tuning of photo- and electrophosphorescence. , 2006, Inorganic chemistry.

[54]  B. Gnade,et al.  Exciton and Polaron Quenching in Doping‐Free Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes from a Pt(II)‐Based Fast Phosphor , 2013 .

[55]  R. Capelli,et al.  Organic light-emitting transistors with an efficiency that outperforms the equivalent light-emitting diodes. , 2010, Nature materials.

[56]  Chien-Hong Cheng,et al.  A Highly Efficient Universal Bipolar Host for Blue, Green, and Red Phosphorescent OLEDs , 2010, Advanced materials.

[57]  D. Braga,et al.  Tuning the colour and efficiency in OLEDs by using amorphous or polycrystalline emitting layers , 2013 .

[58]  Caroline Murawski,et al.  Efficiency Roll‐Off in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2013, Advanced materials.

[59]  Chung-Chih Wu,et al.  3-(9-Carbazolyl)carbazoles and 3,6-Di(9-carbazolyl)carbazoles as Effective Host Materials for Efficient Blue Organic Electrophosphorescence** , 2007 .

[60]  Chunhui Huang,et al.  Green and blue-green phosphorescent heteroleptic iridium complexes containing carbazole-functionalized β-diketonate for non-doped organic light-emitting diodes , 2008 .

[61]  C. H. Chen,et al.  Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films , 1989 .

[62]  S. Forrest,et al.  Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light emitting device , 2001 .

[63]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Above 30% External Quantum Efficiency in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Pyrido[2,3‐b]indole Derivatives as Host Materials , 2013, Advanced materials.

[64]  Chihaya Adachi,et al.  Simple Accurate System for Measuring Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency in Organic Solid-State Thin Films , 2004 .

[65]  F. Winnik.  PHOTOPHYSICS OF PREASSOCIATED PYRENES IN AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS AND IN OTHER ORGANIZED MEDIA , 1993 .

[66]  S. T. Lee,et al.  Non-doped-type white organic light-emitting devices based on yellow-emitting ultrathin 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene and blue-emitting 4,4′-bis(2,2′-diphenyl vinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl , 2003 .

[67]  G. Jabbour,et al.  Efficient organic light-emitting devices with platinum-complex emissive layer , 2011 .

[68]  B. Li,et al.  Low-voltage, high-efficiency nondoped phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with double-quantum-well structure , 2011 .

[69]  A. Penzkofer,et al.  Absorption and emission spectroscopic characterization of Ir(ppy)3 , 2005 .

[70]  Jian Li,et al.  Efficient, deep-blue organic electrophosphorescence by guest charge trapping , 2003 .

[71]  Yongqiang Dong,et al.  Similar or Totally Different: The Control of Conjugation Degree through Minor Structural Modifications, and Deep‐Blue Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens for Non‐Doped OLEDs , 2013 .

[72]  Junji Kido,et al.  High‐Efficiency Blue and White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Incorporating a Blue Iridium Carbene Complex , 2010, Advanced materials.

[73]  H. Bässler,et al.  Triplet-triplet annihilation in a series of poly(p-phenylene) derivatives. , 2011, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[74]  F. So,et al.  Cavity effects on light extraction in organic light emitting devices , 2008 .

[75]  Ho‐Hsiu Chou,et al.  Wide‐Range Color Tuning of Iridium Biscarbene Complexes from Blue to Red by Different N⁁N Ligands: an Alternative Route for Adjusting the Emission Colors , 2011, Advanced materials.

[76]  Karl Leo,et al.  White organic light-emitting diodes: Status and perspective , 2013, 1302.3435.

[77]  Xiabin Jing,et al.  Harvesting Excitons Via Two Parallel Channels for Efficient White Organic LEDs with Nearly 100% Internal Quantum Efficiency: Fabrication and Emission‐Mechanism Analysis , 2009 .

[78]  J. Kido,et al.  Novel Electron-transport Material Containing Boron Atom with a High Triplet Excited Energy Level , 2007 .

[79]  Tae-Ho Kim,et al.  White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Iridium Complexes via Efficient Energy Transfer from a Conjugated Polymer , 2006 .

[80]  Hoi Sing Kwok,et al.  Non-doped white organic light-emitting diodes based on aggregation-induced emission , 2010 .

[81]  Chi-Ming Che,et al.  Luminescent one-dimensional nanoscale materials with PtII...PtII interactions. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[82]  P. Chou,et al.  Os(II) Based Green to Red Phosphors: A Great Prospect for Solution‐Processed, Highly Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2012 .

[83]  Zhenghong Lu,et al.  N‐Heterocyclic Carbazole‐Based Hosts for Simplified Single‐Layer Phosphorescent OLEDs with High Efficiencies , 2012, Advanced materials.

[84]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence. II. Transient analysis of triplet-triplet annihilation , 2000 .

[85]  R. E. Marsh,et al.  Emission Spectroscopic Properties of the Red Form of Dichloro(2,2‘-bipyridine)platinum(II). Role of Intermolecular Stacking Interactions , 1996 .

[86]  Denis Y. Kondakov,et al.  Role of chemical reactions of arylamine hole transport materials in operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodes , 2008 .