Transformation of science and technology systems into systems of innovation in central and eastern Europe: the emerging patterns and determinants

This paper explores patterns of transformation of socialist Science and Technology (S&T) systems into post-socialist systems of innovation and their determinants. First, we reinterpret the socialist period from a system of innovation perspective by revisiting the socialist S&T system, and by pointing to its general features as well as to its national and sectoral variations. Second, we develop a conceptual model to help to understand the factors that are determining the emergence of systems of innovation. Systems of innovation in central and eastern Europe (CEE) are being shaped through the interaction of micro-specific, sectoral, national and regional determinants. At present, sectoral differences and micro-specific determinants seem to be the strongest in this process. The process of development and selection of network organisers is at the core of the emergence of systems of innovation in CEE. The most active network organisers are foreign firms. New production and innovation networks, especially in central Europe, are most often foreign-led.

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