Phenotypic variation in cold tolerance of an invasive insect (Epiphyas postvittana Walker): Implications for forecasting risk

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. December 2015. Major: Entomology. Advisors: Robert Venette, William Hutchison. 1 computer file (PDF); xvi, 147 pages.

[1]  N. Rank,et al.  Variation in thermal tolerance is linked to phosphoglucose isomerase genotype in a montane leaf beetle , 2003 .

[2]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Fundamental Evolutionary Limits in Ecological Traits Drive Drosophila Species Distributions , 2009, Science.

[3]  Dianmo Li,et al.  Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering preparedness and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). , 2007, Journal of insect physiology.

[4]  Richard E. Lee.  Insect cold-hardiness: to freeze or not to freeze , 1989 .

[5]  A. Morey,et al.  Could natural selection change the geographic range limits of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in North America? , 2013 .

[6]  K. Fischer,et al.  RESPONSE TO SELECTION ON COLD TOLERANCE IS CONSTRAINED BY INBREEDING , 2012, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[7]  W. J. Mattson,et al.  Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content , 1980 .

[8]  W. Bradshaw,et al.  Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  D. Briese,et al.  The light‐brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker): 4. Studies on population dynamics and injuriousness to apples in the Australian Capital Territory , 1980 .

[10]  J. Bale,et al.  Insect cold hardiness: Freezing and supercooling—An ecophysiological perspective , 1987 .

[11]  V. Loeschcke,et al.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Genetic variability and evolution of cold-tolerance , 2010 .

[12]  D. Rubinoff,et al.  Geographic Proximity Not a Prerequisite for Invasion: Hawaii Not the Source of California Invasion by Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana) , 2011, PloS one.

[13]  V. Košťál,et al.  Conversion of the chill susceptible fruit fly larva (Drosophila melanogaster) to a freeze tolerant organism , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[14]  S. Scheiner.  Selection experiments and the study of phenotypic plasticity 1 , 2002 .

[15]  Susann A. Janowitz,et al.  Altitudinal life-history variation and thermal adaptation in the Copper butterfly Lycaena tityrus , 2008 .

[16]  S. Chown,et al.  Phenotypic plasticity mediates climate change responses among invasive and indigenous arthropods , 2007, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[17]  J. Satagopan,et al.  A note on competing risks in survival data analysis , 2004, British Journal of Cancer.

[18]  D. Renault,et al.  Survival at low temperatures in insects: what is the ecological significance of the supercooling point? , 2002, Cryo letters.

[19]  Stephanie L. Kane,et al.  ADAPTATION VS. PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN THE SUCCESS OF A CLONAL INVADER , 2005 .

[20]  F. Wan,et al.  Heritability and Evolutionary Potential in Thermal Tolerance Traits in the Invasive Mediterranean Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) , 2014, PloS one.

[21]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Environmental Stress as an Evolutionary Force , 2000 .

[22]  R. Lee.  Principles of Insect Low Temperature Tolerance , 1991 .

[23]  Terence P. Dawson,et al.  Progress in invasive plants research , 2006 .

[24]  Nellie M. Payne.  Freezing and survival of insects at low temperatures , 1926, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[25]  J. Elith,et al.  Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time , 2009 .

[26]  B. Sinclair.  Insect cold tolerance: How many kinds of frozen? , 1999 .

[27]  J. Stachowicz,et al.  Linking climate change and biological invasions: Ocean warming facilitates nonindigenous species invasions , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  J. Mo,et al.  Development of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Leaves and Fruit of Orange Trees , 2006 .

[29]  M. Goulden,et al.  Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[30]  D. Renault,et al.  Dietary sugars affect cold tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster , 2013, Metabolomics.

[31]  Lauren Ancel Meyers,et al.  Fighting change with change: adaptive variation in an uncertain world , 2002 .

[32]  W. Danthanarayana,et al.  Population growth potential of Epiphyas postvittana, the lightbrown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in relation to diet, temperature and climate. , 1995 .

[33]  J. McNeil,et al.  HOST-PLANT QUALITY INFLUENCES DIAPAUSE AND VOLTINISM IN A POLYPHAGOUS INSECT HERBIVORE , 1997 .

[34]  Low genetic variation in cold tolerance linked to species distributions in butterflies , 2014, Evolutionary Ecology.

[35]  G. Burnip,et al.  Factors affecting feeding site preferences of lightbrown apple moth, epiphyas postvittana (lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on apple trees in New Zealand , 2000 .

[36]  Dukes,et al.  Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? , 1999, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[37]  M. Pigliucci,et al.  Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions. , 2006, Ecology letters.

[38]  V. Košťál.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Cell structural modifications in insects at low temperatures , 2010 .

[39]  Brent J Sinclair,et al.  The impacts of repeated cold exposure on insects , 2012, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[40]  V. Walker,et al.  Increase in cold‐shock tolerance by selection of cold resistant lines in Drosophila melanogaster , 1993 .

[41]  D. Bebber.  Range-expanding pests and pathogens in a warming world. , 2015, Annual review of phytopathology.

[42]  D. Kriticos,et al.  Pest Risk Maps for Invasive Alien Species: A Roadmap for Improvement , 2010 .

[43]  J. R. Layne,et al.  Effect of freeze temperature on ice formation and long-term survival of the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella). , 2002, Journal of insect physiology.

[44]  H. Verhoef,et al.  Modelling the time-temperature relationship in cold injury and effect of high temperature interruptions on survival in a chill-sensitive collembolan. , 1998 .

[45]  L. Sømme.  The physiology of cold hardiness in terrestrial arthropods , 2013 .

[46]  C. Lee.  Evolutionary genetics of invasive species , 2002 .

[47]  I. Common,et al.  Oviposition Patterns and Egg Characteristics of Australian Tortricine Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). , 1985 .

[48]  E. Gwinner.  ZOOPHYSIOLOGY VOL. 18. CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS ENDOGENOUS ANNUAL CLOCKS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF SEASONAL PROCESSES , 1986 .

[49]  A. Gerken,et al.  Constraints, independence, and evolution of thermal plasticity: Probing genetic architecture of long- and short-term thermal acclimation , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[50]  ALLELE FREQUENCY SHIFTS IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALLOZYME VARIATION IN A MONTANE INSECT , 2002, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[51]  W. Stroup.  Rethinking the Analysis of Non-Normal Data in Plant and Soil Science , 2015 .

[52]  Hans-Peter Piepho,et al.  Analysis of unbalanced data by mixed linear models using the MIXED procedure of the SAS System , 2005 .

[53]  P. Alpert,et al.  Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Invasiveness, Invasibility and the Role of Environmental Stress in the Spread of Non-native Plants , 2022 .

[54]  W. Danthanarayana,et al.  Genetic variation in the life-history traits of Epiphyas postvittana : population structure and local adaptation , 2000 .

[55]  H. Danks.  Winter Habitats and Ecological Adaptations for Winter Survival , 1991 .

[56]  J. E. Byers,et al.  Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species , 2008, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[57]  J. P. Costanzo,et al.  Biological ice nucleation and ice distribution in cold-hardy ectothermic animals. , 1998, Annual review of physiology.

[58]  P. Merriman,et al.  Evaluation of a non-chemical disinfestation treatment on quality of pome fruit and mortality of lepidopterous pests , 1999 .

[59]  A. Gutierrez,et al.  Limits to the potential distribution of light brown apple moth in Arizona–California based on climate suitability and host plant availability , 2010, Biological Invasions.

[60]  Alessandro Minelli,et al.  Phenotypic plasticity in development and evolution: facts and concepts , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[61]  R. Lee,et al.  Energy and water conservation in frozen vs. supercooled larvae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (fitch) (Diptera: Tephritidae). , 2002, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[62]  H. Danks.  The wider integration of studies on insect cold-hardiness , 2013 .

[63]  Steven L. Chown,et al.  Insects at low temperatures: an ecological perspective , 2003 .

[64]  G. Vermeij.  AN AGENDA FOR INVASION BIOLOGY , 1996 .

[65]  W. Danthanarayana.  Flight thresholds and seasonal variations in flight activity of the light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae), in Victoria, Australia , 1976, Oecologia.

[66]  J. Baust,et al.  Variations in glycerol content and its influence on cold hardiness in the Alaskan carabid beetle, Pterostichus brevicornis. , 1970, Journal of insect physiology.

[67]  R. Lee,et al.  Avoidance and tolerance of freezing in ectothermic vertebrates , 2013, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[68]  Neil Lindeman.  Subjectivized Knowledge and Grassroots Advocacy , 2013 .

[69]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Cross-generation effects due to cold exposure in Drosophila serrata , 2003 .

[70]  M. Hoy,et al.  Confidence Intervals for the Abbott’s Formula Correction of Bioassay Data for Control Response , 1989 .

[71]  Paul R. Martin,et al.  Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[72]  J. Bale.  Insect cold hardiness: A matter of life and death , 2013 .

[73]  R. Huey.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Evolutionary physiology of insect thermal adaptation to cold environments , 2010 .

[74]  R. Huey,et al.  Laboratory Evolution Meets Catch-22Balancing Simplicity and Realism , 2009 .

[75]  K. E. Zachariassen.  Physiology of cold tolerance in insects. , 1985, Physiological reviews.

[76]  P. Vernon,et al.  Evolution of freezing susceptibility and freezing tolerance in terrestrial arthropods. , 2002, Comptes rendus biologies.

[77]  C. Kolar,et al.  Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. , 2001, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[78]  R. Shaw,et al.  Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change. , 2001, Science.

[79]  J. Bale.  Implications of Cold Hardiness for Pest Management , 1991 .

[80]  M. West-Eberhard.  Developmental plasticity and evolution , 2003 .

[81]  P. Batterham,et al.  Dissecting chill coma recovery as a measure of cold resistance: evidence for a biphasic response in Drosophila melanogaster. , 2004, Journal of insect physiology.

[82]  B. Waddell,et al.  Time-mortality response of leafrollers exposed to commercial controlled atmosphere coolstorage. , 1990 .

[83]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Genetic correlations, tradeoffs and environmental variation , 2004, Heredity.

[84]  Rhondda Jones,et al.  The light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker); a native leafroller fostered by European settlement. , 1981 .

[85]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Complexity of the cold acclimation response in Drosophila melanogaster. , 2006, Journal of insect physiology.

[86]  B. Sinclair,et al.  The effects of selection for cold tolerance on cross‐tolerance to other environmental stressors in Drosophila melanogaster , 2009 .

[87]  B. Sinclair,et al.  Cold tolerance of the montane Sierra leaf beetle, Chrysomela aeneicollis. , 2015, Journal of insect physiology.

[88]  David N. Reznick,et al.  Adaptive versus non‐adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments , 2007 .

[89]  R. J. Mockett,et al.  Effect of Prolonged Coldness on Survival and Fertility of Drosophila melanogaster , 2014, PloS one.

[90]  R. Berthiaume,et al.  Effect of temperature and host tree on cold hardiness of hemlock looper eggs along a latitudinal gradient. , 2011, Journal of insect physiology.

[91]  C. J. West,et al.  Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions , 2000 .

[92]  M. Vilà,et al.  Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. , 2011, Ecology letters.

[93]  M. Wade,et al.  INBREEDING: ITS EFFECT ON RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR PUPAL WEIGHT AND THE HERITABLE VARIANCE IN FITNESS IN THE FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM , 1996, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[94]  M. Clark,et al.  How insects survive the cold: molecular mechanisms—a review , 2008, Journal of Comparative Physiology B.

[95]  P. Geier,et al.  Population characteristics of Australian leafrollers (Epiphyas spp., Lepidoptera) infesting orchards , 1976 .

[96]  J. Duman,et al.  Adaptations of Insects to Subzero Temperatures , 1991, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[97]  B. Raymond,et al.  Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[98]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Response to selection for rapid chill-coma recovery in Drosophila melanogaster: physiology and life-history traits. , 2005, Genetical research.

[99]  S. Burgiel,et al.  Invasive species, climate change and ecosystem-based adaptation : addressing multiple drivers of global change , 2010 .

[100]  D. Denlinger,et al.  A Rapid Cold-Hardening Process in Insects , 1987, Science.

[101]  Marcel E. Visser,et al.  Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology , 2001, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[102]  J. Bale,et al.  Effects of sublethal cold stress on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. , 1994 .

[103]  C. Ignoffo,et al.  Characterization of five cell lines established from species of Heliothis. , 1983 .

[104]  D. Falconer,et al.  Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. , 1962 .

[105]  W. Bradshaw,et al.  Evolutionary Response to Rapid Climate Change , 2006, Science.

[106]  P. J. Chapman.  Bionomics of the Apple-Feeding Tortricidae , 1973 .

[107]  B. Sinclair,et al.  The Evolution of Cold Tolerance in Drosophila Larvae , 2010, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology.

[108]  Cascade J. B. Sorte,et al.  Temperature Tolerance and Stress Proteins as Mechanisms of Invasive Species Success , 2011, PloS one.

[109]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Environmental and Economic Costs of Nonindigenous Species in the United States , 2000 .

[110]  Ary A. Hoffmann,et al.  Adaptation of Drosophila to temperature extremes: bringing together quantitative and molecular approaches , 2003 .

[111]  Dianmo Li,et al.  Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering physiological dynamics and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). , 2009, Journal of insect physiology.

[112]  K. Storey,et al.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Oxygen: Stress and adaptation in cold-hardy insects , 2010 .

[113]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  THE GENETICS OF CENTRAL AND MARGINAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SERRATA. I. GENETIC VARIATION FOR STRESS RESISTANCE AND SPECIES BORDERS , 1993, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[114]  R. Lower,et al.  Irradiation to Ensure Quarantine Security for Cryptophlebia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Sapindaceous Fruits from Hawaii , 2000, Journal of economic entomology.

[115]  J. Bale,et al.  Effects of sub-lethal cold stress on the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis , 1997 .

[116]  C. Wheat.  Phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) performance and fitness effects among Arthropods and its potential role as an adaptive marker in conservation genetics , 2010, Conservation Genetics.

[117]  K. Fischer,et al.  Does selection on increased cold tolerance in the adult stage confer resistance throughout development? , 2012, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[118]  B. Sinclair,et al.  The macrophysiology of insect cold hardiness , 2010 .

[119]  J. Maindonald,et al.  Postharvest disinfestation of lightbrown apple moth and longtailed mealybug on persimmons using heat and cold , 1997 .

[120]  Ary A. Hoffmann,et al.  Relative importance of plastic vs genetic factors in adaptive differentiation: geographical variation for stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia , 2005 .

[121]  M. Saastamoinen.  Life‐history, genotypic, and environmental correlates of clutch size in the Glanville fritillary butterfly , 2007 .

[122]  Marcel E. Visser,et al.  Predicting adaptation of phenology in response to climate change, an insect herbivore example , 2007 .

[123]  Lisheng Zhang,et al.  Host diapause status and host diets augmented with cryoprotectants enhance cold hardiness in the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. , 2014, Journal of insect physiology.

[124]  M. Pigliucci,et al.  Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[125]  D. Reznick,et al.  The population ecology of contemporary adaptations: what empirical studies reveal about the conditions that promote adaptive evolution , 2004, Genetica.

[126]  C. A. Tauber,et al.  Insect Seasonality: Diapause Maintenance, Termination, and Postdiapause Development , 1976 .

[127]  J. Terblanche,et al.  Phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance contributes to the invasion potential of Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata) , 2010 .

[128]  I. Hanski,et al.  Phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. , 2014, Journal of thermal biology.

[129]  B. Sinclair,et al.  Basal cold but not heat tolerance constrains plasticity among Drosophila species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) , 2011, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[130]  Danilo Russo,et al.  Modelling geographic distribution and detecting conservation gaps in Italy for the threatened beetle Rosalia alpina , 2013 .

[131]  Bryan F. J. Manly,et al.  A Review of Methods for the Analysis of Stage-Frequency Data , 1989 .

[132]  R Gomulkiewicz,et al.  Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy. , 1995, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[133]  D. Irwin,et al.  The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[134]  P. Edwards,et al.  Recognition that causal processes change during plant invasion helps explain conflicts in evidence. , 2006, Ecology.

[135]  J. Marden,et al.  A candidate locus for variation in dispersal rate in a butterfly metapopulation , 2005, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[136]  L. Sømme.  Supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods , 1982 .

[137]  S. Chown,et al.  Ecologically relevant measures of tolerance to potentially lethal temperatures , 2011, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[138]  Anurag A. Agrawal,et al.  Phenotypic Plasticity in the Interactions and Evolution of Species , 2001, Science.

[139]  William Block,et al.  Cold tolerance of insects and other arthropods. , 1990 .

[140]  J. Carey,et al.  Clear, Present, Significant, & Imminent Danger Questions for the California Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana) Technical Working Group , 2013 .

[141]  J. Aronson,et al.  Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward. , 2013, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[142]  Anurag A. Agrawal,et al.  What is phenotypic plasticity and why is it important , 2009 .

[143]  S. Chown,et al.  Physiological variation and phenotypic plasticity: a response to `Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes' by Hawes and Bale , 2008, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[144]  Alan H. Kvanli,et al.  Statistics: A Computer Integrated Approach , 1988 .

[145]  B. Sinclair,et al.  The role of the gut in insect chilling injury: cold-induced disruption of osmoregulation in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus , 2011, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[146]  K. Storey,et al.  Biochemistry of Cryoprotectants , 1991 .

[147]  J. Bale,et al.  The ecology of insect overwintering , 1993 .

[148]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Opposing clines for high and low temperature resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. , 2002 .

[149]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  Sensitivity of pupae of lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to combinations of abiotic stresses. , 2000 .

[150]  V. Loeschcke,et al.  Protein and carbohydrate composition of larval food affects tolerance to thermal stress and desiccation in adult Drosophila melanogaster. , 2010, Journal of insect physiology.

[151]  R. Venette,et al.  Thermocouple design for measuring temperatures of small insects. , 2013, Cryo letters.

[152]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States , 2005 .

[153]  N. Mills,et al.  Lack of enemy release for an invasive leafroller in California: temporal patterns and influence of host plant origin , 2013, Biological Invasions.

[154]  D. Denlinger.  Relationship between Cold Hardiness and Diapause , 1991 .

[155]  D. Wilson,et al.  Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. , 1998, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[156]  H. Mooney,et al.  The evolutionary impact of invasive species , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[157]  S. Boyer,et al.  The PGI enzyme system and fitness response to temperature as a measure of environmental tolerance in an invasive species , 2014, PeerJ.

[158]  K. E. Zachariassen,et al.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Interactions between cold, desiccation and environmental toxins , 2010 .

[159]  B. J. Winer,et al.  Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, 2nd Edition. , 1973 .

[160]  A. Nicotra,et al.  Do invasive species show higher phenotypic plasticity than native species and, if so, is it adaptive? A meta-analysis. , 2011, Ecology letters.

[161]  W. Bradshaw,et al.  What Season Is It Anyway? Circadian Tracking vs. Photoperiodic Anticipation in Insects , 2010, Journal of biological rhythms.

[162]  Gregory Röder,et al.  Counter-intuitive developmental plasticity induced by host quality , 2008, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[163]  W. Broek.  THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DAMAGE TO STORED APPLES BY THE LIGHT-BROWN APPLE MOTH, EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA (WALKER), AND THE EFFECT OF COLD STORAGE ON ITS VIABILITY , 1975 .

[164]  W. Danthanarayana.  Population ecology of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). , 1983 .

[165]  C. Lee,et al.  Evolutionary origins of invasive populations , 2008, Evolutionary applications.

[166]  T. Ikeda,et al.  Modeling the potential global distribution of light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using CLIMEX , 2012 .

[167]  K. Whitney,et al.  Rapid evolution in introduced species, ‘invasive traits’ and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasive potential , 2008 .

[168]  N. Mills,et al.  Cold tolerance of the overwintering larval instars of light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana. , 2010, Journal of insect physiology.

[169]  S. Ritchie,et al.  Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory to predict climatic impacts on species’ ranges: the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti in Australia , 2009 .

[170]  V. Loeschcke,et al.  Experimental Evolution under Fluctuating Thermal Conditions Does Not Reproduce Patterns of Adaptive Clinal Differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster , 2015, The American Naturalist.

[171]  Kristin Shrader-Frechette,et al.  Nonindigenous Species: Ecological Explanation, Environmental Ethics, and Public Policy , 2003 .

[172]  J. Bale.  Insects and low temperatures: from molecular biology to distributions and abundance. , 2002, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[173]  W. Muir.  Estimation of response to selection and utilization of control populations for additional information and accuracy. , 1986, Biometrics.

[174]  J. Baust,et al.  Review—Insect cold hardiness: Facts and fancy , 1985 .

[175]  Kevin J. Gaston,et al.  Thermal tolerance, climatic variability and latitude , 2000, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[176]  Wolfgang Nentwig,et al.  Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities. , 2009, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[177]  D. Renault.  Long‐term after‐effects of cold exposure in adult Alphitobius diaperinus (Tenebrionidae): the need to link survival ability with subsequent reproductive success , 2011 .

[178]  J. Bale,et al.  Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[179]  H. Colinet,et al.  Insect parasitoids cold storage: A comprehensive review of factors of variability and consequences , 2011 .

[180]  W. G. Hill,et al.  Data and Theory Point to Mainly Additive Genetic Variance for Complex Traits , 2008, PLoS genetics.

[181]  Richard E. Lee.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: A primer on insect cold-tolerance , 2010 .

[182]  E. Brockerhoff,et al.  Invasion biology, ecology, and management of the light brown apple moth (Tortricidae). , 2010, Annual review of entomology.

[183]  M. Kearney,et al.  Sensitivity to thermal extremes in Australian Drosophila implies similar impacts of climate change on the distribution of widespread and tropical species , 2014, Global change biology.

[184]  J. Bale.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Implications of cold-tolerance for pest management , 2010 .

[185]  Kees van Oers,et al.  Phenology, seasonal timing and circannual rhythms: towards a unified framework , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[186]  N. Mills,et al.  Predicting the potential invasive range of light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) using biologically informed and correlative species distribution models , 2011, Biological Invasions.

[187]  D. Wharton,et al.  Tolerance of freezing in caterpillars of the New Zealand Magpie moth (Nyctemera annulata) , 2010 .

[188]  D. Denlinger,et al.  Alteration of the eclosion rhythm and eclosion behavior in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, by low and high temperature stress , 1994 .

[189]  Xingeng Wang,et al.  Complementary effects of resident natural enemies on the suppression of the introduced moth Epiphyas postvittana , 2013 .

[190]  J. Clobert,et al.  To Freeze or Not to Freeze? An Evolutionary Perspective on the Cold‐Hardiness Strategies of Overwintering Ectotherms , 2002, The American Naturalist.

[191]  Liana N. Joseph,et al.  See Blockindiscussions, Blockinstats, Blockinand Blockinauthor Blockinprofiles Blockinfor Blockinthis Blockinpublication Evolutionary Blockinresponses Blockinto Blockinclimate Blockinchange , 2022 .

[192]  R. Huey,et al.  Predicting organismal vulnerability to climate warming: roles of behaviour, physiology and adaptation , 2012, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[193]  S. Leather,et al.  Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. , 2002, Annual review of entomology.

[194]  V. Košťál,et al.  On the nature of pre-freeze mortality in insects: water balance, ion homeostasis and energy charge in the adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[195]  J. Bale,et al.  Effect of rapid cold hardening on reproduction and survival of offspring in the housefly Musca domestica , 1992 .

[196]  K. Walters,et al.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Antifreeze and ice-nucleator proteins , 2010 .

[197]  R. Leopold,et al.  Cold Storage of Adult Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Effects on Maternal and Progeny Fitness , 2008, Journal of economic entomology.

[198]  Karen S. Oberhauser,et al.  Monarchs in a Changing World: Biology and Conservation of an Iconic Butterfly , 2015 .

[199]  B. Larson.  The war of the roses: demilitarizing invasion biology , 2005 .

[200]  V. Debat,et al.  Cold adaptation in geographical populations of Drosophila melanogaster: phenotypic plasticity is more important than genetic variability , 2004 .

[201]  S. Stearns.  Trade-offs in life-history evolution , 1989 .

[202]  A. Hoffmann,et al.  ACCLIMATION, CROSS‐GENERATION EFFECTS, AND THE RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR INCREASED COLD RESISTANCE IN DROSOPHILA , 1996, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[203]  L. Neven,et al.  Hemolymph Proteins Involved in Insect Subzero-Temperature Tolerance: Ice Nucleators and Antifreeze Proteins , 1991 .

[204]  Richard E. Lee,et al.  Low Temperature Biology of Insects: Index , 2010 .

[205]  P. Fields,et al.  The cold-hardiness of Ctenucha virginica (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) larvae, a freezing-tolerant species , 1988 .

[206]  W. Danthanarayana.  The Bionomics, Distribution and Host Range of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas Postvittana (Walk.) (Tortricidae). , 1975 .

[207]  Amy Claire Morey.  Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), cold hardiness, and climate change: implications for future distributions and IPM. , 2010 .

[208]  O. Nedvěd.  Snow white and the seven dwarfs: a multivariate approach to classification of cold tolerance. , 2000, Cryo letters.