Microarray Technology and Applications in Environmental Microbiology

Publisher Summary Microarrays are miniaturized arrays of hundreds to thousands of discrete DNA fragments or synthetic oligonucleotides that have been attached to a solid substrate (for example, glass) using automated printing equipment such that each spot (element) in a fixed position on the array corresponds to a unique DNA. Microarray hybridization is based on the association of a single-stranded molecule labeled with a fluorescent tag or fluorescein, with its complementary molecule, which is covalently attached or immobilized to a solid support, usually glass. In such an assay, the specific hybridization pattern or gene expression profile generated by an unknown (experimental) sample is typically compared with a control (reference) pattern. Besides the DNA-based array assay, the microarray platform is also being rapidly expanded to include the analysis of other biomolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates. Along with exploration in microarray technology applications, novel strategies and approaches for experimental controls and design are needed to ensure that microarray hybridization data from different samples are comparable, interpretable, and biologically significant because of the inherent variability in microarray hybridization signals. Microarray-based assays have a great potential as specific, sensitive, quantitative, parallel, and high-throughput tools for microbial detection, identification, and characterization in natural environments.

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