Polymers from triglyceride oils

Abstract Recently, the use of renewable sources in the preparation of various industrial materials has been revitalized because of the environmental concerns. Natural oils are considered to be the most important class of renewable sources. They can be obtained from naturally occurring plants, such as sunflower, cotton, linseed. They consist predominantly of triglycerides. This review covers the structure, property and modification of triglyceride oils and synthesis of polymers there from. Polymers from triglyceride oils are prepared via conceptually different strategies. Various polymerization methods, including condensation, radical, cationic and methathesis procedures have been applied. The scope, limitations, and possibility of utilizing such methods for various applications have been highlighted.

[1]  J. M. Wegner,et al.  Preparation of nano‐sized UV‐absorbing titanium‐oxo‐clusters via a photo‐curing ceramer process , 2005 .

[2]  Richard C. Larock,et al.  New soybean oil–styrene–divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers. II. Dynamic mechanical properties , 2000 .

[3]  V. Athawale,et al.  INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS BASED ON OIL MODIFIED CASTOR OIL URETHANE AND POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) , 2000 .

[4]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Enzymatic synthesis and curing of biodegradable epoxide-containing polyesters from renewable resources. , 2003, Biomacromolecules.

[5]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  A new method for the styrenation of triglyceride oils for surface coatings , 1993 .

[6]  S. Erhan,et al.  Thin-film test to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes: Assessment of vegetable oils and biodegradable lubricants , 2001 .

[7]  M. Soucek,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of alkyd ceramers , 1999 .

[8]  Sharif Ahmad,et al.  Studies on urethane‐modified alumina‐filled polyesteramide anticorrosive coatings cured at ambient temperature , 2001 .

[9]  J. Shin,et al.  Cationic polymerization and physicochemical properties of a biobased epoxy resin initiated by thermally latent catalysts , 2005 .

[10]  R. J. Gaymans,et al.  Polyesteramides with mixtures of poly(tetramethylene oxide) and 1,5 pentanediol , 1997 .

[11]  W. J. Simonsick,et al.  Synthesis and photopolymerization of norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil , 2002 .

[12]  Siddaramaiah,et al.  Characterization of castor oil–based interpenetrating polymer networks of PU/PS , 1998 .

[13]  Ivan Javni,et al.  Thermal and mechanical properties of glass reinforced soy-based polyurethane composites , 2005 .

[14]  M. Delmas,et al.  Offset printing inks based on rapeseed oil and sunflower oil. Part II: Varnish and ink formulation , 1997 .

[15]  Feng-kui Li,et al.  Soybean oil–divinylbenzene thermosetting polymers: synthesis, structure, properties and their relationships , 2001 .

[16]  F. Jones,et al.  Binders for higher-solids coatings. I: Synthesis of model alkyd resins , 1987 .

[17]  G. C. Bailey,et al.  Olefin Disproportionation. A New Catalytic Process , 1964 .

[18]  M. Soucek,et al.  Mixed metal oxide inorganic/organic coatings , 1998 .

[19]  J. Manson,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks from triglyceride oils containing special functional groups: A brief review1 , 1983 .

[20]  M. Soucek,et al.  Synergistic effect of driers on soybean oil-based ceramer coatings , 2001 .

[21]  Richard C. Larock,et al.  Thermophysical and mechanical properties of novel polymers prepared by the cationic copolymerization of fish oils, styrene and divinylbenzene , 2001 .

[22]  M. Kunz,et al.  Polymers and polymer building blocks from meadowfoam oil , 2004 .

[23]  G. Teng,et al.  Inorganic-organic hybrid coatings based on bodied soybean oil , 2001 .

[24]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Styrenation of castor oil and linseed oil by macromer method , 2000 .

[25]  J. Crivello,et al.  Synthesis and Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Castor Oil and Its Derivatives , 1998 .

[26]  F. Okieimen,et al.  Utilisation of maleinized rubber seed oil and its alkyd resin as binders in water-borne coatings , 2003 .

[27]  A. T. Erciyes,et al.  Investigation of urethane oils based on Ecballium elaterium and P. Mahaleb seed oils , 1992 .

[28]  M. Johansson,et al.  Synthesis and polymerization of a radiation curable hyperbranched resin based on epoxy functional fatty acids , 2004 .

[29]  S. K. Das,et al.  Polymers from renewable resources: XXII: Studies on synthesis and thermal properties of interpenetrating polymer networks derived from castor oil-isophorone diisocyanate-cardanyl methacrylate/poly (cardanyl methacrylate) , 1997 .

[30]  Liucheng Zhang,et al.  Study on the properties, morphology, and applications of castor oil polyurethane—poly(methyl methacrylate) IPNs , 1997 .

[31]  V. Athawale,et al.  Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Modified Castor Oil Urethane and Poly(methyl methacrylate) , 1998 .

[32]  Siddaramaiah,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks from castor oil-based polyurethane and polystyrene , 1999 .

[33]  P. Nayak,et al.  Polymers from renewable resources. I. Castor oil-based interpenetrating polymer networks: Thermal and mechanical properties , 1993 .

[34]  V. Athawale,et al.  Uralkyd and poly (butyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks , 2000 .

[35]  M. Bagby,et al.  Drying properties of metathesized soybean oil , 1997 .

[36]  Jonathan P. Williams,et al.  Inorganic–organic hybrid coatings with mixed metal oxides , 2001 .

[37]  M. Rao,et al.  Correlation of mechanical property, crosslink density and thermogravimetric behavior of castor oil polyurethane–polystyrene divinyl benzene simultaneous IPN networks , 1987 .

[38]  Z. Petrović,et al.  Novel dielectrics from IPNs derived from castor oil based polyurethanes , 1994 .

[39]  D. Khakhar,et al.  Mechanical properties of simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks of castor oil based polyurethane and polystyrene , 1997 .

[40]  Takashi Tsujimoto,et al.  Green Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources: Plant Oil−Clay Hybrid Materials , 2003 .

[41]  W. L. Taylor Blowing drying oils , 1950 .

[42]  R. Wool,et al.  Mechanical properties of glass/flax hybrid composites based on a novel modified soybean oil matrix material , 2005 .

[43]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Man-made urushi , 2000 .

[44]  M. Delmas,et al.  Offset printing inks based on rapeseed and sunflower oil. Part I: Synthesis and characterization of rapeseed oil-and sunflower oil-modified alkyd resins , 1997 .

[45]  F. Jones,et al.  Binders for higher-solids coatings. II: Properties of model alkyd resins , 1987 .

[46]  C. Boelhouwer,et al.  Metathesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters by a homogeneous tungsten hexachloride–tetramethyltin catalyst , 1972 .

[47]  P. Patel,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks from castor oil-based polyurethane and poly(ethyl methacrylate) XVII , 1990 .

[48]  Siddaramaiah,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of castor oil based polyurethane-polyacrylonitrile interpenetrating polymer networks , 2000 .

[49]  P. Patel,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks based on castor oil, XVIII , 1990 .

[50]  R. Lenz,et al.  The microbial production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from tallow , 1996, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[51]  A. T. Erciyes,et al.  Flow behavior of oil-modified polymer solutions , 2004 .

[52]  R. Ballard,et al.  Effects of an Acid Catalyst on the Inorganic Domain of Inorganic−Organic Hybrid Materials , 1999 .

[53]  M. Soucek,et al.  Viscoelastic and thermal properties of linseed oil‐based ceramer coatings , 2000 .

[54]  Richard P. Wool,et al.  Natural fiber composites with plant oil-based resin , 2004 .

[55]  M. Soucek,et al.  Novel inorganic/organic hybrid materials based on blown soybean oil with sol-gel precursors , 2001 .

[56]  Soo-Jin Park,et al.  Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Epoxidized Vegetable Oil , 2004 .

[57]  B. Suthar,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks from castor oil-based polyurethanes and poly(methyl methacrylate). V , 1987 .

[58]  P. Hess,et al.  Oxidation of Linseed Oil , 1950 .

[59]  J. Manson,et al.  Simultaneous interpetrating network based on castor oil elastomers and polystyrene. III. Morphology and glass transition behavior , 1979 .

[60]  T. Foglia,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of linseed oil-based medium chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) films: effects of epoxidation and curing. , 2000, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[61]  J. Crivello,et al.  Epoxidized triglycerides as renewable monomers in photoinitiated cationic polymerization , 1992 .

[62]  Hamid Yeganeh,et al.  Synthesis and properties of isocyanate curable millable polyurethane elastomers based on castor oil as a renewable resource polyol , 2004 .

[63]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Drying and semidrying oil macromonomers. III. Styrenation of sunflower and linseed oils , 2003 .

[64]  J. Manson,et al.  Castor oil based interpenetrating polymer networks, IV. Mechanical behavior , 1977 .

[65]  Jacques Lemaire,et al.  Drier influence on the curing of linseed oil , 2000 .

[66]  R. Larock,et al.  Ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis of vegetable oils , 1999 .

[67]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Synthesis and Curing Behaviors of Cross-Linkable Polynaphthols from Renewable Resources: Preparation of Artificial Urushi , 2004 .

[68]  T. Pinnavaia,et al.  Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites , 1994 .

[69]  J. Mewis,et al.  Dynamic behavior of thixotropic systems , 1972 .

[70]  Sibdas Singha Mahapatra,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of polyesteramide resins from Nahar seed oil for surface coating applications , 2004 .

[71]  R. N. Kumar,et al.  UV radiation curing of epoxidized palm oil–cycloaliphatic diepoxide system induced by cationic photoinitiators for surface coatings , 2003 .

[72]  M. Soucek,et al.  Epoxidized soybean oil-based ceramer coatings , 2000 .

[73]  F. Shahidi,et al.  Bailey's Industrial oil and fat products , 2005 .

[74]  D. Neckers,et al.  Cationic UV-cured coatings containing epoxidized soybean oil initiated by new onium salts containing tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate anion , 2002 .

[75]  V. Athawale,et al.  Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Hydrogenated Castor Oil–Isophorone Diisocyanate and Poly(butyl methacrylate) , 2002 .

[76]  V. Athawale,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks based on uralkyd-butylmethacrylate , 2002 .

[77]  J. Mol,et al.  Metathesis of fatty acid esters , 1984 .

[78]  M. Kunz,et al.  Polymers and surfactants on the basis of renewable resources. , 2001, Chemosphere.

[79]  S. Cooper,et al.  Castor oil based UV‐curable polyurethane‐acrylate interpenetrating networks , 1991 .

[80]  A. Hasnat,et al.  Studies on ambient cured polyurethane modified epoxy coatings synthesized from a sustainable resource , 2002 .

[81]  A. T. Erciyes,et al.  Study of film properties of some urethane oils , 2002 .

[82]  S. Ahmad,et al.  Newly developed urethane modified polyetheramide-based anticorrosive coatings from a sustainable resource , 2004 .

[83]  B. Suthar,et al.  STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS FROM CASTOR OIL BASED POLYURETHANE AND POLYSTYRENE , 1991 .

[84]  R. Singh,et al.  An overview on the degradability of polymer nanocomposites , 2005 .

[85]  R. Sailer,et al.  Oxidizing alkyd ceramers , 1998 .

[86]  P. Szewczyk,et al.  Highly branched high solids alkyd resins , 2002 .

[87]  R. Wool,et al.  All natural composite sandwich beams for structural applications , 2004 .

[88]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Styrenation of oils based on secondary esters of castor oil , 1995 .

[89]  A. T. Erciyes,et al.  Some empirical equations for oxypolymerization of linseed oil , 2004 .

[90]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Artificial Urushi: Design, Synthesis, and Enzymatic Curing of New Urushiol Analogues , 2000 .

[91]  Richard P. Wool,et al.  Development and application of triglyceride‐based polymers and composites , 2001 .

[92]  M. Soucek,et al.  UV-curable cycloaliphatic epoxide based on modified linseed oil : Synthesis, characterization and kinetics , 2005 .

[93]  S. Ahmad,et al.  Air drying polyesteramide from a sustainable resource , 2004 .

[94]  T. Foglia,et al.  Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis from triglyceride substrates , 1998, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[95]  P. Judeinstein,et al.  Hybrid organic–inorganic materials: a land of multidisciplinarity , 1996 .

[96]  R. Larock,et al.  Model studies and the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil , 2002 .

[97]  T. Aminabhavi,et al.  Computer simulation method for calculating concentration profiles in polyurethane/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer network membranes , 2003 .

[98]  M. K. Smith,et al.  Styrenation of Dehydrated Castor Oil , 1950 .

[99]  M. Soucek,et al.  Linseed and sunflower oil alkyd ceramers , 1998 .

[100]  R. K. Mendes,et al.  Evaluation of a new rigid carbon-castor oil polyurethane composite as an electrode material. , 2002, Talanta.

[101]  H. Ni,et al.  Model Reaction Study on the Interaction between the Inorganic and Organic Phases in Drying Oil Based Ceramer Coatings , 2001 .

[102]  F. Andrawes,et al.  Migration of light stabilizers in acrylic/melamine clearcoats , 1996 .

[103]  Y. Poirier Production of new polymeric compounds in plants. , 1999, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[104]  B. Erman,et al.  Free radical crosslinking of unsaturated bacterial polyesters obtained from soybean oily acids , 2001 .

[105]  D. Kaplan,et al.  Biopolymers from Renewable Resources , 1998 .

[106]  Prashant Patel,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks from castor oil based polyurethanes, XI , 1988 .

[107]  J. Crivello,et al.  Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of naturally occurring epoxidized triglycerides , 1996 .

[108]  M. Soucek,et al.  UV-Curable Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Film Coatings Based on Epoxidized Cyclohexene Derivatized Linseed Oil , 2004 .

[109]  J. Manson,et al.  Simultaneous Interpenetrating Networks Based on Castor Oil Elastomers and Polystyrene: A Review of an International Program , 1980 .

[110]  Haibin Yu,et al.  Cationic UV-cured coatings of epoxide-containing vegetable oils , 1999 .

[111]  J. Mewis,et al.  Thixotropy - a general review , 1979 .

[112]  A. Domb,et al.  Lactic Acid and Ricinoleic Acid Based Copolyesters , 2005 .

[113]  P. de Waard,et al.  Formation of novel poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from long-chain fatty acids. , 1995, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[114]  A. Hasnat,et al.  A polyesteramide from Pongamia glabra oil for biologically safe anticorrosive coating , 2003 .

[115]  Feng-kui Li,et al.  Thermosetting polymers from cationic copolymerization of tung oil: Synthesis and characterization , 2000 .

[116]  H. Barnes Thixotropy—a review , 1997 .

[117]  B. Hazer,et al.  Bacterial production of polyesters from free fatty acids obtained from natural oils by Pseudomonas oleovorans , 1998 .

[118]  Mark S. M. Alger,et al.  Polymer Science Dictionary , 1989 .

[119]  G. Boiteux,et al.  Semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane and polyvinylpyrrolidone. II. Dielectric relaxation and thermal behaviour , 2003 .

[120]  J. Manson,et al.  Simultaneous interpenetrating networks based on castor oil elastomers and polystyrene. V. Behavioral trends and analysis , 1979 .

[121]  Joel Fried,et al.  Polymer Science and Technology , 1995 .

[122]  Sarath Das,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks composed of castor oil-based polyurethane and 2-hydroxy-4-methacryloyloxy acetophenone , 2000 .

[123]  S. Aydın,et al.  The effects of anhydride type and amount on viscosity and film properties of alkyd resin , 2004 .

[124]  B. Hazer,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of polymeric soybean oil-g-methyl methacrylate (and n-butyl methacrylate) graft copolymers: biocompatibility and bacterial adhesion. , 2005, Biomacromolecules.

[125]  Susan L. Cuppett,et al.  Method for determining oxidation of vegetable oils by near-infrared spectroscopy , 2001 .

[126]  Zhengfa Zhou,et al.  Reactivity of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer grafted with long-chain unsaturated carboxylic acids , 2004 .

[127]  Güngör Gündüz,et al.  Water-borne and air-drying oil-based resins , 2004 .

[128]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Polymers from renewable resources. VIII. Thermal properties of the interpenetrating polymer networks derived from castor oil–isophorone diisocyanate–polyacrylamides , 1995 .

[129]  Richard P. Wool,et al.  Property analysis of triglyceride-based thermosets , 2005 .

[130]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Crosslinkable Polyphenols from Urushiol Analogues , 2001 .

[131]  G. Eggink,et al.  Synthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) from hydrolyzed linseed oil , 1997 .

[132]  S. Kizgut,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of polymeric linseed oil grafted methyl methacrylate or styrene. , 2004, Macromolecular bioscience.

[133]  P. Nayak,et al.  Polymers from renewable resources. IX. Interpenetrating polymer networks based on castor oil polyurethane poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) : Synthesis, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties , 1997 .

[134]  S. Grinberg,et al.  Vernonia oil–based acrylate and methacrylate polymers and interpenetrating polymer networks with epoxy resins , 2004 .

[135]  J. M. Wegner,et al.  Ternary evaluation of UV-curable seed oil inorganic/organic hybrid coatings using experimental design , 2004 .

[136]  R. Wool,et al.  Rigid thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. II. Copolymers of soybean oil monoglyceride maleates with neopentyl glycol and bisphenol A maleates , 2002 .

[137]  Junshi Guo,et al.  Room temperature synthesis and mechanical properties of two kinds of elastomeric interpenetrating polymer networks based on castor oil , 2002 .

[138]  P. Nayak,et al.  Polymers from renewable resources. XIII. Interpenetrating polymer networks derived from castor oil–hexamethylene diisocyanate and polymethacrylamide , 2001 .

[139]  K. Verma,et al.  Studies on a newly developed linseed oil-based alumina-filled Polyesteramide anticorrosive coating , 1999 .

[140]  R. Wool,et al.  Rigid, thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. I. Synthesis and polymerization of soy oil monoglyceride maleates , 2001 .

[141]  Feng-kui Li,et al.  New soybean oil‐styrene‐divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers. III. Tensile stress–strain behavior , 2001 .

[142]  V. Athawale,et al.  Comparative Studies of Castor and Hydrogenated Castor Oil Urethane/Pmma Semi and Full Interpenetrating Polymer Networks , 1998 .

[143]  S. Erhan,et al.  A potential biodegradable rubber—Viscoelastic properties of a soybean oil-based composite , 2002 .

[144]  Feng-kui Li,et al.  Synthesis, structure and properties of new tung oil-styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers prepared by thermal polymerization. , 2003, Biomacromolecules.

[145]  R. Larock,et al.  The chemistry of metathesized soybean oil , 1999 .

[146]  M. Patel,et al.  Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Castor Oil IX. , 1988 .

[147]  V. Athawale,et al.  New interpenetrating elastomeric networks based on uralkyd/poly(butyl methacrylate) , 2000 .

[148]  M. Dave,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks from castor oil-based polyurethanes and polystyrene, XXV , 1994 .

[149]  Z. Zong,et al.  UV-curable organic–inorganic hybrid films based on epoxynorbornene linseed oils , 2005 .

[150]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Preparation of Artificial Urushi via an Environmentally Benign Process , 2001 .

[151]  Shiro Kobayashi,et al.  Synthesis and Curing of Crosslinkable Polyphenols from Urushiol Analogues , 2000 .

[152]  P. Nayak,et al.  Polymers from Renewable Resources. IV. Castor-Oil-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Derived from Isophorone Diisocyanate Poly(Acrylamide) and Poly(Methacrylamide) , 1995 .

[153]  Sharif Ahmad,et al.  Urethane modified boron filled polyesteramide: a novel anti-microbial polymer from a sustainable resource , 2004 .

[154]  Styrenation of mahaleb and anchovy oils , 2005 .

[155]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Styrenation of triglyceride oils by macromonomer technique , 2000 .

[156]  P. Nayak Natural Oil-Based Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges , 2000 .

[157]  Junshi Guo,et al.  Behavior of polyoxyethylene-containing interpenetrating polymer networks and their LiCLO4 complexes as phase transfer catalysts and ionic conductors , 2003 .

[158]  C. Fringant,et al.  Polymer networks derived from curing of epoxidised linseed oil: influence of different catalysts and anhydride hardeners , 2000 .

[159]  S. Prasannakumar,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyol modified castor oil polyurethane and poly(2‐ethoxyethyl methacrylate): Synthesis, chemical, mechanical, thermal properties, and morphology , 2004 .

[160]  A. Blayo,et al.  Chemical and rheological characterizations of some vegetable oils derivatives commonly used in printing inks , 2001 .

[161]  M. Soucek,et al.  Comparison of Titanium‐Oxo‐Clusters Derived from Sol‐Gel Precursors with TiO2 Nanoparticles in Drying Oil Based Ceramer Coatings , 2001 .

[162]  Seli̇m H. Küsefoǧlu,et al.  Synthesis and polymerization of the bromoacrylated plant oil triglycerides to rigid, flame‐retardant polymers , 2004 .

[163]  J. Sutcliffe,et al.  Alkyd emulsions : properties and application. Results from comparative investigations of penetration and ageing of alkyds, alkyd emulsions and acrylic dispersions , 1994 .

[164]  Y. Nakayama Polymer blend systems for water-borne paints , 1998 .

[165]  Wen-Yen Chiang,et al.  Preparation and properties of liquid crystalline alkyd resin with para-hydroxybenzoic acid mesogenic side chain , 1992 .

[166]  T. Foglia,et al.  Radiation crosslinking of a bacterial medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) elastomer from tallow. , 1998, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[167]  Ş. Tantekin-Ersolmaz,et al.  Polyurethane Films for Wound Dressing Applications , 2005 .

[168]  G. Braunegg,et al.  Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable resources: physiological and engineering aspects. , 1998, Journal of biotechnology.

[169]  J. Manson,et al.  Castor-oil-based interpenetrating polymer networks: Synthesis and characterization , 1977 .

[170]  Junzhe Guo,et al.  Properties of two kinds of room temperature cured interpenetrating polymer networks based on castor oil polyurethane , 1993 .

[171]  R. Weusthuis,et al.  Development of environmentally friendly coatings and paints using medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) as the polymer binder. , 1999, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[172]  M. Soucek,et al.  Novel inorganic/organic coatings based on linseed oil and sunflower oil with sol-gel precursors , 1996 .

[173]  Siddaramaiah,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline filled PU/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks , 2003 .

[174]  V. Athawale,et al.  Interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyol modified castor oil polyurethane and polymethyl methacrylate , 1998 .

[175]  J. Manson,et al.  Simultaneous interpenetrating networks based on castor oil elastorners and polystyrene. IV. Stress-strain and impact loading behavior , 1979 .