Mobilizing Information and Communications Technologies for Effective Disaster Warning: Lessons from the 2004 Tsunami

The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26th, 2004 was one of the greatest natural disasters; it was also the first Internet-mediated natural disaster. Despite the presumed ubiquity and power of advanced technologies including satellites and the Internet, no advance warning was given to the affected coastal populations by their governments or others. This article examines the conditions for the supply of effective early warnings of disasters, drawing from the experience of both the December 26th, 2004 tsunami and the false warnings issued on March 28th, 2005. The potential of information and communication technologies for prompt communication of hazard detection and monitoring information and for effective dissemination of alert and warning messages is examined. The factors contributing to the absence of institutions necessary for the realization of that potential are explored.