Seismic fragility functions for code compliant and non-compliant RC SMRF structures in Pakistan

Fragility functions are derived for low-rise code compliant & non-compliant special moment resisting frames (SMRFs). Non-compliant SMRFs those built in low strength concrete and lacking confining ties in joint panel zones, commonly found in developing countries. Shake table tests were performed on single-storey and two-storey 1:3 reduced scale representative frames to understand the damage mechanism and develop deformation-based damage scale. The non-compliant SMRF experienced column flexure cracking, longitudinal bar-slip in beam and observed with cover concrete spalling from the joint panels. The code compliant SMRF experienced flexure cracks in beam/column, and experienced joint cracking under extreme shaking. Numerical modeling technique is developed for inelastic modeling of reinforced concrete frame with beam bar-slip and joint damageability using SeismoStruct. Natural accelerograms were used to analyze the considered frames through incremental dynamic analyses in SeismoStruct. A probabilistic based approach was used to derive fragility functions for the considered frames. An example case study is presented for damageability evaluation of structures for earthquakes of various return periods (43, 72, 475, 2475 years).

[1]  J. A. Inaudi,et al.  Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Concepción during the Maule Earthquake , 2012 .

[2]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Shake table tests of under-designed RC frames for the seismic retrofit of buildings - design and similitude requirements of the benchmark specimen , 2010 .

[3]  Salih Yilmaz,et al.  Structural damages of L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake , 2010 .

[4]  Efstratios Nikolaidis,et al.  First- and Second-Order Reliability Methods , 2004 .

[5]  Gian Michele Calvi.  Engineers Understanding of Earthquakes Demand and Structures Response , 2010 .

[6]  Filip C. Filippou,et al.  Evaluation of Nonlinear Frame Finite-Element Models , 1997 .

[7]  Keri L. Ryan,et al.  Development of Generalized Fragility Functions for Seismically Induced Content Disruption , 2016 .

[8]  F. Filippou,et al.  Mixed formulation of nonlinear beam finite element , 1996 .

[9]  M. J. Nigel Priestley,et al.  Myths and fallacies in earthquake engineering , 1993 .

[10]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Seismic Behavior of R.C. Beam-Column Joints Designed for Gravity Only , 2002 .

[11]  John Douglas,et al.  Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes , 2004 .

[12]  Helmut Krawinkler,et al.  Theory and application of experimental model analysis in earthquake engineering , 1981 .

[13]  Dimitrios Vamvatsikos,et al.  Incremental dynamic analysis , 2002 .

[14]  A. Khan,et al.  Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake , 2010 .

[15]  R. Mcguire.  Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis , 2004 .

[16]  Reginald DesRoches,et al.  Overview of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake , 2011 .

[17]  Mjn Priestley,et al.  Myths and Fallacies in Earthquake Engineering--Conflicts Between Design and Reality , 1995, SP-157: Recent Developments In Lateral Force Transfer In Buildings.

[18]  Charles F. Richter,et al.  Magnitude and energy of earthquakes , 2010 .

[19]  Jonathan P. Stewart,et al.  Characterization of Seismic Levee Fragility Using Field Performance Data , 2016 .

[20]  John W. Wallace,et al.  Fragility Assessment of Slab-Column Connections , 2015 .

[21]  M. Priestley.  DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS , 1997 .

[22]  M. Zare,et al.  Recent developments of the Middle East catalog , 2014, Journal of Seismology.

[23]  Ezio Faccioli,et al.  Engineering seismic risk analysis of the Friuli region , 1979 .

[24]  Paolo Ricci,et al.  2012 Emilia earthquake, Italy: reinforced concrete buildings response , 2014, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

[25]  F. Scherbaum,et al.  Model Selection in Seismic Hazard Analysis: An Information-Theoretic Perspective , 2009 .

[26]  Qaisar Ali,et al.  Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Pakistan , 2014, Natural Hazards.

[27]  S. Kunnath,et al.  Modeling Inelastic Shear Deformation in RC Beam-Column Joints , 1995 .

[28]  James L Noland,et al.  Computer-Aided Structural Engineering (CASE) Project: Decision Logic Table Formulation of ACI (American Concrete Institute) 318-77 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete for Automated Constraint Processing. Volume 1. , 1986 .

[29]  Laura N. Lowes,et al.  Fragility Functions for Modern Reinforced-Concrete Beam-Column Joints , 2007 .

[30]  Stefano Pampanin,et al.  Seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake , 2010 .

[31]  A. M. Sari,et al.  Earthquake Hazard Analysis Methods: A Review , 2018 .

[32]  L. Lowes,et al.  Modeling Reinforced-Concrete Beam-Column Joints Subjected to Cyclic Loading , 2003 .

[33]  J. Peters,et al.  Uniform Building Code , 2014 .

[34]  Robert E. Bachman,et al.  Creating Fragility Functions for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering , 2007 .

[35]  W. Y. Kam,et al.  Seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the 22 February Christchurch (Lyttelton) earthquake , 2011 .

[36]  Ahmed Ghobarah,et al.  MODELLING OF RC BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS AND STRUCTURAL WALLS , 2001 .

[37]  Guney Ozcebe,et al.  HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR OF ANCHORAGE SLIP IN R/C MEMBERS , 1992 .

[38]  M. V. Sivaselvan,et al.  Hysteretic models for deteriorating inelastic structures , 2000 .

[39]  Jack W. Baker,et al.  Efficient Analytical Fragility Function Fitting Using Dynamic Structural Analysis , 2015 .

[40]  Bashir Alam,et al.  Seismic Performance Assessment of Non-Compliant SMRF-Reinforced Concrete Frame: Shake-Table Test Study , 2019 .

[41]  T. Takeda,et al.  Reinforced Concrete response to simulated earthquakes , 1970 .

[42]  S. Akkar,et al.  A New Procedure for Selecting and Ranking Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs): The Euclidean Distance-Based Ranking (EDR) Method , 2013 .

[43]  Ronald O. Hamburger,et al.  THE ATC-58 PROJECT: DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT- GENERATION PERFORMANCE-BASED EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS , 2006 .

[44]  N. Ambraseys,et al.  Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th century , 2000 .

[45]  Stefano PAMPANIN,et al.  SEISMIC REPONSE OF GRAVITY-LOAD DESIGN FRAMES WITH MASONRY INFILLS , 2002 .

[46]  K. Iida,et al.  Magnitude and energy of earthquakes accompanied by tsunami and tsunami energy. , 1958 .

[47]  Farzad Naeim,et al.  Performance Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings , 2010 .

[48]  A. Ghobarah,et al.  Modelling of shear deformation and bond slip in reinforced concrete joints , 1999 .

[49]  T. Rossetto,et al.  Observations of damage due to the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 and study of current seismic provisions for buildings in Pakistan , 2009 .

[50]  Norman A. Abrahamson,et al.  State of the Practice of Seismic Hazard Evaluation , 2000 .

[51]  Bruce R. Ellingwood,et al.  Modeling Beam-Column Joints in Fragility Assessment of Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Frames , 2008 .

[52]  Julian J. Bommer,et al.  Seismic hazard and earthquake actions , 2016 .