Undrained shear strength of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction: Reply

This paper attempts to evaluate the undrained shear strength of sand during flow failures, based on both laboratory testing and field observations. In the laboratory, the minimum shear resistance during monotonic loading was taken as the undrained strength, based on the criterion of stability. Triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and simple shear test data on clean sand were examined and it was revealed that the undrained shear strength ratio could be related to the relative density of the material provided that the initial stress, piprime, was less than 500 kPa. Three previous flow failures involving sand layers with relatively low fines contents and reliable cone penetration test (CPT) data were studied. Using existing calibration chamber test results, the Toyoura sand specimen densities in the laboratory tests were converted to equivalent values of CPT penetration resistance. The undrained shear strengths measured in the laboratory for Toyoura sand were compared with those from the case studies. I...

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