Morphology and property investigation of primary particulate matter particles from different sources

Particulate matter (PM) pollution has become a major environmental concern in many developing countries. PM pollution control remains a great challenge owing to the complex sources and evolution processes of PM particles. There are two categories of PM, i.e., primary and secondary PM particles, and the primary PM emissions play a key role in the formation of PM pollution. Knowledge of primary PM particle compositions, sources, and evolution processes is of great importance to the effective control of PM pollution. In order to characterize PM particles effectively, their fundamental properties including the morphology, concentration distribution, surface chemistry, and composition must be systematically investigated. In this study, we collected and analyzed six types of PM10 and PM2.5 particles from different sources using an in situ sampling approach. The concentration distributions of PM particles were analyzed and comparative analysis of the morphologies, distributions, capture mechanisms, and compositions of PM particles was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. We found that there were significant differences in the structures, morphologies, and capture mechanisms of PM2.5 and PM10 particles. The systematic comparative investigation in this work will benefit the study of evolution processes and the effective control of PM pollution in the future.

[1]  Rohit Mathur,et al.  Historical gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in the United States from 1990 to 2010 , 2012 .

[2]  Martin Gysel,et al.  Chemical characterisation of PM2.5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites in Switzerland , 2005 .

[3]  M. Maricq.  Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review , 2007 .

[4]  Deliang Chen,et al.  PM2.5-induced oxidative stress triggers autophagy in human lung epithelial A549 cells. , 2013, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[5]  S. E. Schwartz.  Urban Air Pollution: State of the Science , 1989 .

[6]  Ming Fang,et al.  Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation : China , 2009 .

[7]  A. Peters,et al.  Effects of ultrafine and fine particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiac autonomic control in subjects with coronary artery disease: The ULTRA study , 2006, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

[8]  Yanli Li,et al.  Summertime Spatial Variations in Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components in Different Functional Areas of Xiamen, China , 2015 .

[9]  R. Kamens,et al.  Heterogeneous Atmospheric Aerosol Production by Acid-Catalyzed Particle-Phase Reactions , 2002, Science.

[10]  B. Ding,et al.  Electret Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibers Hybridized by Polytetrafluoroethylene Nanoparticles for High-Efficiency Air Filtration. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[11]  F. Wei,et al.  In situ fabrication of depth-type hierarchical CNT/quartz fiber filters for high efficiency filtration of sub-micron aerosols and high water repellency. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[12]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Removal of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Vehicle Using a Self-Powered Triboelectric Filter. , 2015, ACS nano.

[13]  J D Spengler,et al.  Respiratory health and PM10 pollution. A daily time series analysis. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[14]  Yayuan Liu,et al.  Roll-to-Roll Transfer of Electrospun Nanofiber Film for High-Efficiency Transparent Air Filter. , 2016, Nano letters.

[15]  Weijun Li,et al.  Characterization of PM(2.5) in the ambient air of Shanghai City by analyzing individual particles. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[16]  Andreas Limbeck,et al.  Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere via heterogeneous reaction of gaseous isoprene on acidic particles , 2003 .

[17]  Glen R. Cass,et al.  Contribution of primary aerosol emissions from vegetation‐derived sources to fine particle concentrations in Los Angeles , 1996 .

[18]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Nanofibrous adhesion: the twin of gecko adhesion. , 2015, ACS nano.

[19]  Chunya Wang,et al.  Silk nanofibers as high efficient and lightweight air filter , 2016, Nano Research.

[20]  J. Jason West,et al.  An Estimate of the Global Burden of Anthropogenic Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter on Premature Human Mortality Using Atmospheric Modeling , 2010, Environmental health perspectives.

[21]  A. Peters,et al.  Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review , 2013, Environmental Health.

[22]  B. Ostro,et al.  Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 dominated by coarse particles. , 1999, Environmental research.

[23]  X. Bi,et al.  A review of single aerosol particle studies in the atmosphere of East Asia: morphology, mixing state, source, and heterogeneous reactions , 2016 .

[24]  R. V. Vander Wal,et al.  XPS analysis of combustion aerosols for chemical composition, surface chemistry, and carbon chemical state. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  A. Aragón-Piña,et al.  Chemical and morphological characterization of PM2.5 collected during MILAGRO campaign using scanning electron microscopy , 2012 .

[26]  D. Dockery,et al.  Acute health effects of PM10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children. , 1992, The American review of respiratory disease.

[27]  Rajasekhar Balasubramanian,et al.  2013 Southeast Asian smoke haze: fractionation of particulate-bound elements and associated health risk. , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  Weilin Huang,et al.  Microscopic morphology and size distribution of particles in PM2.5 of Guangzhou City , 2009 .

[29]  Marina Camatini,et al.  Cell cycle alterations induced by urban PM2.5 in bronchial epithelial cells: characterization of the process and possible mechanisms involved , 2013, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[30]  C. Pope,et al.  Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah Valley. , 1992, Archives of environmental health.

[31]  Renjian Zhang,et al.  Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM 2 . 5 in Beijing : seasonal perspective , 2013 .

[32]  P. Anttila,et al.  Size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles in south-eastern Finland during different seasons and wildfire episodes in 2006. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[33]  A. Piazzalunga,et al.  High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China , 2014, Nature.

[34]  A. Peters,et al.  Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association , 2010, Circulation.

[35]  R. Charlson,et al.  Molecular composition of secondary aerosol and its possible origin , 1975 .

[36]  Yi Cui,et al.  Nanofiber Air Filters with High-Temperature Stability for Efficient PM2.5 Removal from the Pollution Sources. , 2016, Nano letters.

[37]  Yu Qin,et al.  Association of cardiopulmonary health effects with source-appointed ambient fine particulate in Beijing, China: a combined analysis from the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation (HVNR) study. , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[38]  Xiao Feng,et al.  Preparation of Nanofibrous Metal-Organic Framework Filters for Efficient Air Pollution Control. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[39]  Jun Wang,et al.  Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Shanghai, China , 2013 .

[40]  Yi Cui,et al.  Transparent air filter for high-efficiency PM2.5 capture , 2015, Nature Communications.

[41]  Ta-Chang Lin,et al.  Clinical and Molecular Allergy BioMed Central , 2008 .