Antenna arrays for multipath and interference mitigation in GNSS receivers

Esta tesis aborda la sincronizacion de una o varias replicas de una senal conocida recibidas en un entorno con propagacion multicamino e interferencias direccionales. Uno de los hilos conductores de este trabajo es la aplicacion sistematica del principio de maxima verosimilitud (ML) junto con un modelo de senal en el cual las armas espaciales no tienen estructura, y en cual el ruido es Gaussiano y presenta una matriz de correlacion desconocida. Esta ultima suposicion es fundamental a la hora de obtener estimadores capaces de atenuar las senales interferentes que presentan algun tipo de estructura, y esto se consigue sin necesidad de recurrir a la estimacion de ciertos parametros de dichas senales. Por otra parte, la suposicion de que las armas espaciales carecen de estructura tiene ventajas desde un punto de vista practico, al mismo tiempo que simplifica la estimacion del resto de parametros ya que las estimaciones de estas firmas se pueden calcular de forma cerrada. Esto constituye un primer paso hacia la eliminacion de las busquedas en multiples dimensiones, que es otro de los objetivos perseguidos en este trabajo. En la primera parte de la tesis se deduce la solucion de maxima verosimilitud para el problema general de estimacion de retardos cuando el ruido tiene correlacion espacial desconocida. Se demuestra que el criterio resultante para los retardos es consistente y asintoticamente eficiente, pero tambien es altamente no-lineal debido a la presencia del determinante de una matriz y no permite, por tanto, el uso de procedimientos sencillos de optimizacion. Asimismo, se demuestra y se argumenta intuitivamente que el criterio _ optimo ML se puede aproximar por una funcion de coste mas sencilla que es asintoticamente equivalente. A diferencia de otros problemas de estimacion, en el caso tratado aqui, el primer termino del desarrollo de Taylor del estimador ML no conserva la eficiencia asintotica. La caracteristica esencial de la nueva funcion de coste es que depende linealmente de la matriz de proyeccion sobre el subespacio de las senales y, por lo tanto, admite ser minimizada mediante el algoritmo IQML, que es eficiente desde el punto de vista computacional. Ademas, la existencia de metodos de inicializacion sencillos y robustos a las interferencias, los cuales se basan en el uso de una matriz de pesos igual a la identidad y posiblemente tambien en el algoritmo ESPRIT, hace que el esquema de estimacion propuesto pueda ser viable para un diseno practico. La nueva funcion de coste se puede aplicar de la misma manera a la estimacion del retardo en un canal FIR. En este caso, el algoritmo IQML se puede modificar de forma que, en cada iteracion, la estimacion del retardo se obtiene a partir de las raices de un polinomio cuyo orden es igual a la longitud del canal. El objetivo perseguido por los estimadores presentados en la segunda parte de la tesis es aprovechar una particularidad de los sistemas GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), que consiste en que la direccion de llegada de la senal directa puede ser conocida a priori. Basandose en esta informacion adicional y suponiendo que el array esta calibrado, se propone un modelo simplificado, aunque al mismo tiempo aproximado, para la senal recibida. En este modelo todas las senales excepto la senal directa se engloban en un termino con correlacion espacial desconocida. Se analizan los estimadores ML del retardo y de la fase de portadora de la senal directa. El sesgo producido por las componentes multicamino al utilizar estos estimadores se reduce de forma muy importante con respecto al sesgo que sufren otros metodos. De hecho, el error cuadratico medio de los estimadores propuestos es en muchas ocasiones muy proximo o incluso inferior al minimo error que se puede alcanzar con modelos mas detallados del canal multicamino. Asimismo, se presentan dos algoritmos de estimacion del retardo basados en el calculo de las raices de un polinomio. Se demuestra tambien que las estimaciones ML se pueden obtener a partir de la senal de salida de un conformador de haz hibrido. Debido a que el propio conformador depende de las estimaciones del retardo y de la amplitud de la senal directa, el uso de un algoritmo iterativo surge de forma natural. La formulacion mediante el conformador hibrido proporciona una interpretacion alternativa interesante de la estimacion ML, y podra ser apropiada para una realizacion practica. Finalmente, se demuestra analiticamente y numericamente que el estimador propuesto para el retardo es robusto frente a errores en el valor nominal del vector de enfoque de la senal directa, y se presenta una manera de extender el margen tolerable de errores de apuntamiento. En la ultima parte de la tesis se trata la sincronizacion de un usuario deseado que transmite una secuencia de entrenamiento conocida en un sistema de comunicaciones DS-CDMA. El modelo de senal utilizado agrupa el ruido, y la interferencia externa y de acceso multiple en un termino de ruido equivalente que presenta una matriz de correlacion espacio-temporal desconocida. Partiendo de este modelo, se deduce un estimador del retardo que es una aproximacion para un numero grande de muestras del estimador ML exacto y que es apropiado para canales con desvanecimientos lentos y noselectivos en frecuencia. El estimador propuesto es una tecnica de un solo usuario y es resistente al efecto near-far. Su importancia radica en el hecho de que aprovecha la estructura de las senales en el dominio temporal y espacial, lo que contrasta con otros metodos existentes que, a pesar de utilizar un array de antenas, solo utilizan la estructura de las senales en uno de los dos dominios. En un sistema de comunicaciones moviles, el usuario deseado esta interferido por un numero generalmente elevado de senales de otros usuarios y por posibles interferencias externas. En concordancia con este hecho, los resultados numericos han mostrado que el uso conjunto de todos los grados de libertad espacio-temporales es indispensable para la correcta adquisicion y seguimiento del retardo en sistemas con una carga elevada de usuarios y/o en presencia de interferencias externas.

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