Electron Image Processing: A Survey

Computer processing of electron microscope images has attracted considerable attention during the past few years. The field is still small enough for a bibliography, regularly updated, to be a useful tool. The present bibliography contains a considerable amount of background material as well as papers specifically devoted to computer processing. The references are classified according to subject into the following categories: transfer function theory; linear filters; some optical analog techniques and related computer procedures; nonlinear methods for extracting phase and amplitude informatlon; three-dimensional reconstruction from projections; processing languages and associated techniques.

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[2]  D. L. Misell An examination of an iterative method for the solution of the phase problem in optics and electron optics: I. Test calculations , 1973 .

[3]  Joachim Frank,et al.  Computer Processing of Electron Micrographs , 1973 .

[4]  W. Hoppe,et al.  Principles of electron structure research at atomic resolution using conventional electron microscopes for the measurement of amplitudes and phases , 1970 .

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[15]  J Frank,et al.  Averaging of low exposure electron micrographs of non-periodic objects. , 1975, Ultramicroscopy.

[16]  D. DeRosier,et al.  The reconstruction of a three-dimensional structure from projections and its application to electron microscopy , 1970, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

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[67]  R. Henderson,et al.  Molecular structure determination by electron microscopy of unstained crystalline specimens. , 1975, Journal of molecular biology.

[68]  J. Frank,et al.  Signal-to-noise ratio of electron micrographs obtained by cross correlation , 1975, Nature.

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[74]  A. Klug,et al.  Measurement and compensation of defocusing and aberrations by Fourier processing of electron micrographs , 1971 .

[75]  T. Matsuda,et al.  Electron Microholography by Two-Beam Method , 1970 .

[76]  R. Glaeser,et al.  Development of methodology for low exposure, high resolution electron microscopy of biological specimens. , 1975, Ultramicroscopy.

[77]  H. Ferwerda,et al.  RECONSTRUCTION OF A WEAK PHASE-AMPLITUDE OBJECT .2. NEW INVERSION THEOREM FOR FINITE FOURIER-TRANSFORMS AND NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM OF AN IMAGE , 1973 .

[78]  W. O. Saxton A new computer language for electron image processing , 1974, Comput. Graph. Image Process..

[79]  W. Hoppe Use of zone correction plates and other techniques for structure determination of aperiodic objects at atomic resolution using a conventional electron microscope , 1971 .

[80]  W. Hoppe,et al.  Anwendung des Bilddifferenzverfahrens auf die Untersuchung von Strukturänderungen dünner Kohlefolien bei Elektronenbestrahlung , 1970, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie.

[81]  A. Klug,et al.  Three Dimensional Reconstructions of Spherical Viruses by Fourier Synthesis from Electron Micrographs , 1970, Nature.

[82]  D. L. Misell,et al.  An application of the Hilbert transform in electron microscopy: I. Bright-field microscopy , 1974 .

[83]  Verbesserung der Auflösung im Elekronenmikroskop durch Bildebenen-Holographie† , 1971 .

[84]  Computer-generated Fourier transforms of helical particles , 1974 .

[85]  J Frank,et al.  A study of heavy-light atom discrimination in bright-field electron microscopy using the computer. , 1972, Biophysical journal.

[86]  D Köstler,et al.  Determination of the wave aberration of electron lenses from superposition diffractograms of images with differently tilted illumination. , 1977, Ultramicroscopy.

[87]  Phase determination from a focal series and the corresponding diffraction pattern in electron microscopy for strongly scattering objects , 1975 .

[88]  U. Aebi,et al.  New method for localizing proteins in periodic structures: Fab fragment labeling combined with image processing of electron micrographs. , 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[89]  F. Thon Probleme der Hochauflösungs‐Elektronenmikroskopie , 1967 .

[90]  J. M. Cowley IMAGE CONTRAST IN A TRANSMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE , 1969 .

[91]  W Hoppe,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of individual negatively stained yeast fatty-acid synthetase molecules from tilt series in the electron microscope. , 1974, Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie.

[92]  W. Hoppe,et al.  Dynamische Theorie der Kristallstrukturanalyse durch Elektronenbeugung im inhomogenen Primärstrahlwellenfeld , 1970 .

[93]  W. Hoppe,et al.  Einige Erfahrungen mit der rechnerischen Analyse und Synthese von elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern hoher Auflösung , 1970, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie.

[94]  D. DeRosier,et al.  Three-dimensional image reconstruction of helical structures , 1971 .

[95]  R. Gordon A tutorial on art (algebraic reconstruction techniques) , 1974 .

[96]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Picture processing: 1976 , 1977 .

[97]  J. Harris,et al.  Contrast enhancement of negatively stained macromolecules and biomembranes by single sideband phase contrast interference , 1976, Journal of microscopy.

[98]  M. J. McDonnell,et al.  Preprocessing of Degraded Images to Augment Existing Restoration Methods , 1975 .

[99]  A. Lannes,et al.  Correction des effets de l'image jumelle et du terme quadratique en holographie de Gabor , 1977 .

[100]  R. Lemons,et al.  Optical shadowing in the electron microscope , 1972 .

[101]  R A Crowther,et al.  Structural analysis of macromolecular assemblies by image reconstruction from electron micrographs. , 1975, Annual review of biochemistry.

[102]  P. Hawkes Computer Processing of Electron Micrographs: A Nonmathematical Account , 1975 .

[103]  J Frank,et al.  Motif detection in quantum noise-limited electron micrographs by cross-correlation. , 1977, Ultramicroscopy.

[104]  P. Fejes,et al.  Approximations for the calculation of high-resolution electron-microscope images of thin films , 1977 .

[105]  A. Crewe,et al.  Scanning transmission electron microscopy * , 1974, Journal of microscopy.

[106]  I. Sternlieb,et al.  OPTICAL DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES IN ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS , 1969, The Journal of cell biology.

[107]  Athanasios Papoulis The problem of transmission zeros in deconvolution (Corresp.) , 1978, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[108]  W. Hoppe,et al.  Beugung im inhomogenen Primärstrahlwellenfeld. III. Amplituden- und Phasenbestimmung bei unperiodischen Objekten , 1969 .

[109]  W. Cochran,et al.  Lattice fringes from amorphous ge: fact or artefact? , 1975 .

[110]  J W Andrew,et al.  Signal to noise enhancement in dark field electron micrographs of vasopressin: filtering of arrays of images in reciprocal space , 1977, Journal of microscopy.

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[112]  F. Thon Notizen: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an dünnen Kohlefolien , 1965 .

[113]  P. Unwin Three-dimensional model of membrane-bound ribosomes obtained by electron microscopy , 1977, Nature.

[114]  P. Gilbert Iterative methods for the three-dimensional reconstruction of an object from projections. , 1972, Journal of theoretical biology.

[115]  William J. Dallas,et al.  Digital computation of image complex-amplitude from intensities in two image-space planes , 1976 .

[116]  R. Nathan Computer synthesis of high resolution electron micrographs , 1976 .

[117]  D. L. Misell Image Formation in the Electron Microscope with Particular Reference to the Defects in Electron-Optical Images , 1973 .

[118]  D. L. Misell,et al.  An application of the Hilbert transform in electron microscopy: II. Non-iterative solution in bright-field microscopy and the dark-field problem , 1974 .

[119]  G. Haydon Electron phase and amplitude images of stained biological thin sections , 1969, Journal of microscopy.

[120]  J. M. Cowley,et al.  Refinement of the defect structure of `GeNb9O25' by high-resolution electron microscopy , 1976 .

[121]  G W Stroke,et al.  Retrieval of Good Images from Accidentally Blurred Photographs: Holographic principles make possible image improvement in many cases of current scientific interest. , 1975, Science.

[122]  D. J. De Rosier,et al.  Reconstruction of Three Dimensional Structures from Electron Micrographs , 1968, Nature.

[123]  A. Klug,et al.  THE STRUCTURE OF THE "POLYHEADS" OF T4 BACTERIOPHAGE. , 1964, Journal of molecular biology.

[124]  Harold P. Erickson,et al.  The Fourier Transform of an Electron Micrograph: Effects of Defocussing and Aberrations, and Implications for the Use of Underfocus Contrast Enhancement , 1970, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie.

[125]  B. Jouffrey,et al.  Quantitative approach to molecular resolution electron microscopy , 1976, Nature.

[126]  D. L. Misell Conventional and scanning transmission electron microscopy: image contrast and radiation damage , 1977 .

[127]  A. Klug,et al.  ART and science or conditions for three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscope images. , 1971, Journal of theoretical biology.

[128]  George W. Stroke,et al.  Coherent and incoherent imaging in the scanning transmission electron microscope , 1974 .

[129]  George W. Stroke,et al.  Optical Image Improvement in Biomedical Electron Microscopy and Ultrasonics , 1974 .

[130]  J. M. Cowley,et al.  Scanning transmission electron microscopy of thin specimens. , 1976, Ultramicroscopy.

[131]  George W. Stroke Image sharpening by holography. , 1972 .

[132]  P. Skalicky Computer‐simulated electron micrographs of crystal defects , 1973 .

[133]  G. N. Ramachandran,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction from radiographs and electron micrographs: application of convolutions instead of Fourier transforms. , 1971, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[134]  H. A. Ferwerda,et al.  PROBLEM OF PHASE RETRIEVAL IN LIGHT AND ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY OF STRONG OBJECTS .2. UNIQUENESS AND STABILITY OF OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES USING 2 DEFOCUSED IMAGES , 1976 .

[135]  D. L. Misell Image resolution and image contrast in the electron microscope. II. Elastic scattering and incoherent illumination , 1973 .

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[137]  P R Smith,et al.  A study of the structure of the T-layer of Bacillus brevis. , 1973, Journal of supramolecular structure.

[138]  R A Crowther,et al.  Harmonic analysis of electron microscope images with rotational symmetry. , 1971, Journal of molecular biology.

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[140]  M. E. Barnett Image formation in optical and electron transmission microscopy , 1974 .

[141]  A. Greenaway,et al.  Alternative to Holography for Determining Phase from Image Intensity Measurements in Optics , 1974, Nature.

[142]  A H Greenaway Proposal for phase recovery from a single intensity distribution. , 1977, Optics letters.

[143]  D. L. Misell On the validity of the weak-phase and other approximations in the analysis of electron microscope images , 1976 .

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[155]  High Resolution Electron Microscope Imaging with Silicon Diode Array Target Vidicons , 1976 .

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[160]  Gabor T. Herman,et al.  Algorithms for reproducing objects from their X-rays , 1972, Comput. Graph. Image Process..

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[164]  P. Unwin,et al.  Beef liver catalase structure: interpretation of electron micrographs. , 1975, Journal of molecular biology.

[165]  Restoration of Weak Phase Objects from Electron Microscopy , 1977 .

[166]  K. Hojou,et al.  Computer Simulation of Phase Contrast of Tungsten Support Film in High Resolution Electron Microscopy , 1977 .

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[168]  Terry M. Peters,et al.  Image reconstruction from finite numbers of projections , 1973 .

[169]  O. Krivanek A method for determining the coefficient of spherical aberration from a single electron micrograph , 1976 .

[170]  W. Baumeister,et al.  Prospects for Atomic Resolution Electron Microscopy in Membranology , 1976 .

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[174]  R. Crowther,et al.  Procedures for three-dimensional reconstruction of spherical viruses by Fourier synthesis from electron micrographs. , 1971, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

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[177]  Some information-theory aspects of structure determination , 1977 .

[178]  D. L. Misell Comment onA method for the solution of the phase problem in electron microscopy , 1973 .

[179]  R. Gerchberg,et al.  Holography without Fringes in the Electron Microscope , 1972, Nature.

[180]  G. Herman,et al.  Algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) for three-dimensional electron microscopy and x-ray photography. , 1970, Journal of theoretical biology.

[181]  F. Joachim LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Radiation damage assessment from electron images using digital correlation methods , 1974 .

[182]  D. L. Misell Image formation in the electron microscope. II. The application of transfer theory to a consideration of inelastic electron scattering , 1971 .

[183]  H. C. Benski,et al.  A simulation of digital image restoration in electron microscopy , 1977 .

[184]  D. Krahl,et al.  IMAGE RECORDING WITH SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS AND VIDEO AMPLIFICATION DEVICES. , 1971 .

[185]  A V Crewe,et al.  A scanning microscope with 5 A resolution. , 1970, Journal of molecular biology.

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[196]  R A Crowther,et al.  An analysis of the fine structure of the surface layers from two strains of Clostridia, including correction for distorted images. , 1977, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[197]  J. M. Cowley High-resolution dark-field electron microscopy. II. Short-range order in crystals , 1973 .