Construction of a Biosensor Based on a Combination of Cytochrome c, Graphene, and Gold Nanoparticles

A biosensor based on a combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c), electrochemical reduced graphene oxides (ERGO), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. The proposed biosensor electrode was denoted as GCE/ERGO-Nafion/AuNPs/Cyt c/Nafion, where ERGO-Nafion was deposited by dropping graphene oxides-Nafion mixed droplet first and following electrochemical reduction, AuNPs were directly deposited on the surface of the ERGO-Nafion modified electrode by electrochemical reduction, and other components were deposited by the dropping-dry method. The effect of the deposition amount of AuNPs on direct electrochemistry of Cyt c in the proposed electrode was investigated. The hydrogen peroxide was taken to evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor. The results showed that the biosensor has great analytical performance, including a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, a low detection limit, and good stability, reproducibility, and reliability.

[1]  Fraser A. Armstrong,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of redox proteins at pyrolytic graphite electrodes , 1984 .

[2]  D E McRee,et al.  Atomic structure of a cytochrome c' with an unusual ligand-controlled dimer dissociation at 1.8 A resolution. , 1993, Journal of molecular biology.

[3]  B Brutscher,et al.  NMR assignment of Rhodobacter capsulatus ferricytochrome c', a 28 kDa paramagnetic heme protein. , 1995, Biochemistry.

[4]  N. Yasuoka,et al.  High-resolution crystal structures of two polymorphs of cytochrome c' from the purple phototrophic bacterium rhodobacter capsulatus. , 1996, Journal of molecular biology.

[5]  Shannon Haymond,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome C at nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[7]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Interfacing cytochrome c to electrodes with a DNA: carbon nanotube composite film , 2002 .

[8]  Zifeng Deng,et al.  Morphology-dependent electrochemistry and electrocatalytical activity of cytochrome c. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[9]  David H. Waldeck,et al.  Electron-Transfer Kinetics of Covalently Attached Cytochrome c/SAM/Au Electrode Assemblies , 2008 .

[10]  Shen-Ming Chen,et al.  Fabrication of cytochrome c-poly(5-amino-2-napthalenesulfonic acid) electrode by one step procedure and direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[11]  Lixian Sun,et al.  Direct electron transfer of cytochrome c and its biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/room temperature ionic liquid/carbon nanotubes composite film , 2008 .

[12]  Jianbin Zheng,et al.  Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme-proteins immobilized in porous carbon nanofiber/room-temperature ionic liquid composite film , 2010 .

[13]  Rakesh K. Joshi,et al.  Electron transfer mechanism of cytochrome c at graphene electrode , 2010 .

[14]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review , 2010 .

[15]  Peijun Ji,et al.  Enzymes immobilized on carbon nanotubes. , 2011, Biotechnology advances.

[16]  Xing-Hua Xia,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c on a graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite modified electrode , 2012 .

[17]  Jeong-Woo Choi,et al.  Electrochemical performance of gold nanoparticle-cytochrome c hybrid interface for H2O2 detection. , 2012, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[18]  Shiqiao Qin,et al.  Fabrication of pH-sensitive graphene oxide–drug supramolecular hydrogels as controlled release systems , 2012 .

[19]  P. Weiss,et al.  Chemistry and physics of a single atomic layer: strategies and challenges for functionalization of graphene and graphene-based materials. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[20]  Zhi Hong Hu,et al.  Glucose Biosensor Based on Pt Nanoparticles/Graphene Chitosan Bionanocomposites , 2013 .

[21]  Hui Zhu,et al.  Study of Influence of Acid Ratios in the Oxidation Process on the Structures of Chemically Converted Graphene , 2013 .

[22]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Direct electron transfer of Cytochrome c at mono-dispersed and negatively charged perylene-graphene matrix. , 2013, Talanta.

[23]  Li Wang,et al.  Manganese dioxide based ternary nanocomposite for catalytic reduction and nonenzymatic sensing of hydrogen peroxide , 2013 .

[24]  Haoqing Hou,et al.  Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c Based on Poly(diallyldimethylammonium Chloride)‐ Graphene Nanosheets/Gold Nanoparticles Hybrid Nanocomposites and Its Biosensing , 2013 .

[25]  Yuandong Xu,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on hemoglobin immobilized at graphene, flower-like zinc oxide, and gold nanoparticles nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. , 2013, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[26]  Hailin Peng,et al.  Chemistry makes graphene beyond graphene. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  Shen-Ming Chen,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c immobilized on a graphene oxide–carbon nanotube composite for picomolar detection of hydrogen peroxide , 2014 .

[28]  Abdulazeez T. Lawal.  Synthesis and utilisation of graphene for fabrication of electrochemical sensors. , 2015, Talanta.

[29]  S. Z. Bas,et al.  Gold nanoparticle functionalized graphene oxide modified platinum electrode for hydrogen peroxide and glucose sensing , 2015 .

[30]  Shancheng Yan,et al.  Graphene Aerogel/Platinum Nanoparticle Nanocomposites for Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c and Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing , 2016 .

[31]  Hang Gong,et al.  Effects of activation temperature on the deoxygenation, specific surface area and supercapacitor performance of graphene , 2016 .

[32]  Cheng-an Tao,et al.  Chemically functionalized graphene/polymer nanocomposites as light heating platform , 2016 .

[33]  Hui Zhu,et al.  Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide-Nafion/Au Nanoparticle Modified Electrode for Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing , 2016 .

[34]  Rafael Radi,et al.  Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. , 2017, Chemical reviews.

[35]  Hui Zhu,et al.  Reduction versus cross-linking: how to improve the tensile strength of graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composite film , 2017 .

[36]  Maxwell J. Crossley,et al.  A conductive crosslinked graphene/cytochrome c networks for the electrochemical and biosensing study , 2017, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[37]  Mohsen Mohsennia,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of cytochrome c-immobilized polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite thin film layers for biosensor applications , 2018, Thin Solid Films.

[38]  Mohsen Mohsennia,et al.  Immobilization of cytochrome c and its application as electrochemical biosensors. , 2018, Talanta.